19 Polymers

Synthetic polymers

________ are ones made in a factory, for example nylon, terylene and lycra.

Terylene

________ is a polyester made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a- COOH group at either end) and diols (an alcohol with an- OH group at either end)

Simple sugars

________ can be fermented to produce alcohol.

Nylon

________ is a polyamide made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a- COOH group at either end) and diamines (an amine with an- NH2 group at either end)

water molecule

A(n) ________ is eliminated due to it being a condensation reaction.

Proteins

________ are the building blocks of cells and are essential for growth.

Polymers

________ are large molecules built by linking 50 or more smaller molecules called monomers.

incomplete combustion

If incinerated by ________, carbon monoxidewill be produced which is a toxic gas that reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

Hydrolysis

________ is the splitting up of a molecule using water.

Complex carbohydrates

________ are called polysaccharides.

Yeast

________ contains a naturally occurring enzyme, zymase (a biological catalyst) that breaks down starch or sugar to glucose.

Chromatography

________ is carried out in much the same way, the only difference being that it is not obvious on the resulting chromatogram where the amino acids and sugars are located as they are colourless.

Simple carbohydrates

________ are called monosaccharides and are sugars.

Polyethene

________ is formed by the addition polymerisation of ethene monomers.

Biological catalysts

________ also consist of protein.

Carbohydrates

________ provide energy which is released during cellular respiration.

small subscript n

A(n) ________ is written on the bottom right hand side to indicate a large number of repeat units.

chromatogram

The ________ is dried and sprayed with a locating agent to enable the substances to be seen.

Repeat units

________ are used when displaying the formula.

Condensation polymerisation

________ forms the polymer molecule and one water molecule per linkage.

Condensation polymers

________ are formed when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water.

amide linkage

A(n) ________ is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link.

colourless compounds

Originally used for separating coloured substances, chromatography can also be used to identify ________, such as amino acids and simple sugars, using locating agents.

ester linkage

A(n) ________ is formed with the subsequent loss of onewater molecule per link.

Amino acids

________ are small molecules containing NH2 and COOH functional groups.

Addition polymers

________ are formed by the joining up of many monomers and only occurs in monomers that contain C= C bonds.

twenty common amino acids

There are ________, each differing by their side chain, represented by R.

hydrolysis of carbohydrates

The identification of the products of the ________ and proteins can be done using chromatography.

Nylon

________ is a polyamide used to produce clothing, fabrics, nets and ropes.

complex carbohydrates

The ________ also undergo hydrolysis (water is used to split up the molecule) and produce the simple sugar monomers from which they were made.

Polymers

________ release a lot of heat energy when incineratedand produce carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.

Terylene

________ is used extensively in the textile industry and is often mixed with cotton to produce clothing.

yeast

The ________ respires anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide:

Proteins

________ can therefore be hydrolysed and will produce the monomer they were formed from, amino acids.

Carbohydrates

________ are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

simple carbohydrates

There are ________ and complexcarbohydrates.

condensation polymers

They are ________ formed from simple sugar monomers.

Terylene

________ is a polyester made from monomers which are joined together by ester links.

Proteins

________ are condensation polymers which are formed from amino acid monomers joined together by amide links (in ________ also known as a peptide link) similar to the structure in nylon.

Polymers

________ can be recycled but different polymers must be separated from each other which is a difficult and expensive process.

Proteins

________ can contain between 60 and 600 of these amino acids in different orders.

The name of the polymer is deduced by putting the name of the monomer in brackets and adding poly

as the prefix

The linkage formed within the polymer is an -O

linkage called a glycosidic linkage