SF: Chapter 28pt5

How are STD/STI spread?

sexual contact

How many people are affected in the US per year by STDs

20 million

What is the top cause of reproductive disorders

STD

ex of bacterial std

chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, PID, bacterial vaginosis

ex parasitic/protozoan std

trichomoniasis, pubic lice

ex of viral std

HPV, genital herpes

What is the most common bacterial STI in the US?

chlamydia

How do chlamydia symptoms present?

silent- asymptomatic

What percentage of males and females experience symptoms of chlamydia

W- 20%

M- 10%

symptoms that can present with chlamydia

urethritis, penile or vaginal discharge, abdominal, rectal, testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses

In women, what is the cause of 25-50% of PID cases

chlamydia

In women, what is a major cause of sterility

chlamydia

PID presents as?

excessive pain, chandelier sign

Chlamydia trachomatis affects who?

newborns during birth

What can chlamydia trachomatis turn into?

conjunctivitis, respiratory inflammation (pneumonia)

What can chlamydia trachomatis turn into IF NOT TREATED

corneal scarring

treatment for chlamydia

cure with antibiotics

What antibiotic do we give to someone with chlamydia?

tetracycline

What is syphilis caused by?

treponema pallidum (spirochete)

Is syphilis a congenital disease?

yes

What happens to the baby if mother has syphilis during the pregnancy

stillborn or die shortly after birth

How is syphilis transmitted?

bacteria penetrates broken skin during sex or intimate kissing and gets into the bloodstream/lymph

How long does syphilis incubate before showing initial signs?

3 weeks

What develops at the site of infection in syphilis

chancre (red lesion)

What are common sites of infection for syphilis

penis, vagina, cervix

What happens to chancres with syphilis?

ulcerate and crust, then heal and disappear in a few weeks

secondary signs of syphilis appear when?

several weeks after initial infection

secondary signs and symptoms ex of syphilis

pink rash, fever, headache, lose hair, joint pain, meningitis

How long does it take secondary signs of syphilis to resolve?

3-12 weeks

What is the only way we can TEST if someone is currently the latent period of syphilis

blood test

How long does syphilis latency period last?

a lifetime or until tertiary syphilis

What percent of syphilis cases become tertiary (within 10 years)

30%

How is tertiary syphilis categorized?

destructive lesions in CV, CNS, BV, bone, skin

tertiary syphilis presents as (broad scale)?

brain damage, insanity, death

What are ex of famous individuals who have had tertiary syphilis

Van Gogh, Al Capone, Beethoven, Abe Lincoln and his wife

how to treat syphilis

antibiotics

What antibiotic do we prescribe for syphilis

penicillin

What is another name for gonorrhea

clap

What is the 2nd most common STI

gonorrhea

What is gonorrhea caused by

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How does gonorrhea spread in the body?

invades mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts

Is gonorrhea symptomatic or asymptomatic?

asymptomatic

What is the most common symptom of gonorrhea in men

urethritis, painful urination, discharge from penis

symptoms of gonorrhea in women

abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, some urethritis symptoms

If gonorrhea goes untreated in men, what could happen to their anatomy

urethral constriction and duct inflammation; disseminated gonococcal infection

What two forms of inflammation are seen in men who do not treat their gonorrhea

arthritis and dermatitis

If gonorrhea goes untreated in women, what could happen to their anatomy

PID, sterile

What is important to consider with gonorrhea treatment

bacteria could be resistant to antibiotics

ex of antibiotics to give to someone with gonorrhea

ceftriaxone (1x), penicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline

bacterial vaginosis is due to?

overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria

What bacteria is associated with bacterial vaginosis

Gardnerella vaginalis

What could cause bacterial vaginosis

excessive douching, not using condoms, new/multiple sex partners, change in normal flora

What presents with bacterial vaginosis

gray thin discharge with a fishy odor, itching in vagina, burning while urinating

treatment for bacterial vaginosis

metronidazole (flagyl)

ROA of

metronidazole (flagyl)

oral or vaginal cream/gel

bacterial vaginosis can recur within??

3-12 months

trichomoniasis: more common in men or women??

women

How affordable/available is treatment for trichomoniasis

easy and cheap

What percentage of people are asymptomatic when diagnosed with trichomoniasis

70% of women

Potential symptoms of trichomoniasis

strong odor, frothy yellow/green vaginal discharge

How to treat trichomoniasis

metronidazole (flagyl)

Pubic lice is also called

CRABS

how do pubic lice spread

jumping from host to host: sheets and clothes

symptoms of pubic lice

itch in genitals (especially at night), tiny blue spots around genitals, spots of blood or gritty debris in underwear, visible lice or tiny eggs in pubic hair

Treatment for pubic lice

lotion with permethrin, tea tree oil

Do we need prescriptions to get Permethrin?

no, OTC and easy to use

Genital herpes affects what percentage of the population

15%

Genital herpes is what virus?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2)

Do most people know when they have genital herpes

no, usually symptom free

How does genital herpes present

silent, then blister-like lesions that flare with itching, cluster of itchy and painful blisters

Where (locationally) do we tend to see genital herpes

genitals, rectum, mouth

How long can the first outbreak of genital herpes last

1-2 weeks

Can genital herpes (HSV-2) be congenital?

yes

What happens to the baby if mother has genital herpes

fetal malformations

How is herpes simplex virus transmitted

secretions or direct skin to skin contact

Treatment for genital herpes

antiviral drugs- Acyclovir

How does acyclovir work as a genital herpes treatment?

reduce duration and intensity of flareups: NOT A CURE

What percentage of genital herpes has no subsequent attack

49%

During healing of genital herpes, how long could the lesion still break open?

2-6 weeks

Genital warts is also called

condyloma acuminatum

What percentage of the population is affected by genital warts

40%

How many strains of HPV are there?

>70

What is the most common STI in the us

genital warts

how long can genital warts incubate for

18 months

how are genital warts spread

skin to skin contact

genital warts have what appearance

cauliflower

What are the 2 most frequent strains of HPV related to genital warts

HPV 6 and 11

How to treat genital warts

apply medication to the site, cauterize, cryotherapy, surgical removal if extensive

What type of medication is used to treat genital warts

imiquimod

HPV is the cause of almost all (type of disease)

cervical cancer

HPV is the precursor of all?

precancer/cancer lesions

Risk factors of developing cervical cancer

multiple sexual partners, having sex young, high parity, immunosuppression, long history of oral contraceptives, nicotine, persistent HPV-16 or 18

What is the higher risk of cervical cancer with HPV-16/18

more frequent if there is a coinfection with chlamydia or gonorrhea

Does douching cause a higher risk of developing cervical cancer?

yes

"High Risk" (Oncogenic) HPV16/18 is associated with?

high grade dysplasia and cervix cancer

Precancerous lesions/dysplasia def.

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS), invasive cancer

cervix cancer def.

slow progressive disease, detect dysplasia

What does early treatment and prevention of cervix cancer do

prevents invasive cancer from spreading

How to screen for cervical cancer

PAP smear and HPV testing

What percentage of cervical cancers are detected early with a pap smear

90%