AICE PYSCH

Dement and Kleitman – Aim

To investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming.

Dement and Kleitman – Method

Lab experiment using EEG to measure brain activity during sleep.

Dement and Kleitman – Findings

Dreams more likely during REM; participants often accurately estimated dream duration.

Hassett et al. – Aim

To examine sex-typed toy preferences in monkeys.

Hassett et al. – Method

Naturalistic observation of monkeys choosing between 'boy' and 'girl' toys.

Hassett et al. – Findings

Male monkeys preferred male-typical toys; suggests some preferences may be biological.

Hölzel et al. – Aim

To investigate if mindfulness increases gray matter in the brain.

Hölzel et al. – Method

MRI scans before and after 8-week mindfulness training.

Hölzel et al. – Findings

Increased gray matter in areas related to memory and emotion regulation.

Andrade – Aim

To see if doodling improves attention and memory.

Andrade – Method

Lab experiment with doodling and non-doodling groups listening to a boring recording.

Andrade – Findings

Doodlers recalled more information than non-doodlers.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Aim

To test if adults with autism have impaired Theory of Mind.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Method

Quasi-experiment using the Eyes Test.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Findings

ASD group scored lower on emotion recognition than control groups.

Pozzulo et al. – Aim

To examine eyewitness accuracy in children vs. adults.

Pozzulo et al. – Method

Lab setting, participants identified suspects from lineups.

Pozzulo et al. – Findings

Children less accurate than adults in target-absent lineups.

Bandura et al. – Aim

To investigate if aggression can be learned through observation.

Bandura et al. – Method

Lab experiment where children watched aggressive or non-aggressive adult models.

Bandura et al. – Findings

Children who saw aggressive models imitated aggressive behavior.

Fagen et al. – Aim

To study operant conditioning in infants.

Fagen et al. – Method

Music played when infants kicked; tested reinforcement.

Fagen et al. – Findings

Infants increased kicking when it led to music; shows learning through reinforcement.

Saavedra and Silverman – Aim

To treat a boy’s button phobia using cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Saavedra and Silverman – Method

Clinical case study with self-reports and exposure therapy.

Saavedra and Silverman – Findings

Phobia reduced using positive reinforcement and cognitive restructuring.

Milgram – Aim

To investigate obedience to authority figures.

Milgram – Method

Lab experiment where participants were instructed to give electric shocks.

Milgram – Findings

65% of participants gave the maximum 450V shock.

Perry et al. – Aim

To study how authority affects personal space.

Perry et al. – Method

Field experiment measuring distance people kept from authority vs. peer figures.

Perry et al. – Findings

Participants maintained more distance from authority figures.

Piliavin et al. – Aim

To examine helping behavior in a real-life setting.

Piliavin et al. – Method

Field experiment on a subway with ill or drunk victims.

Piliavin et al. – Findings

Victims who appeared ill were more likely to be helped than drunk ones.

Lab Experiment – Definition

Controlled experiment in a lab setting with high internal validity.

Field Experiment – Definition

Experiment conducted in a natural setting with real-world behavior.

Case Study – Definition

In-depth study of an individual or small group using multiple methods.

Observation – Definition

Watching and recording behavior as it occurs.

Self-report – Definition

Participants provide data through questionnaires or interviews.

Quantitative Data – Definition

Numerical data that can be statistically analyzed.

Qualitative Data – Definition

Descriptive data that provides depth and context.

Reliability – Definition

The consistency or repeatability of a measure or study.

Validity – Definition

The accuracy of a measure—whether it measures what it's supposed to.

Ethics – Key Points

Includes consent, deception, protection from harm, and right to withdraw.