AICE PYSCH

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Dement and Kleitman – Aim
To investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming.

Dement and Kleitman – Method
Lab experiment using EEG to measure brain activity during sleep.

Dement and Kleitman – Findings
Dreams more likely during REM; participants often accurately estimated dream duration.

Hassett et al. – Aim
To examine sex-typed toy preferences in monkeys.

Hassett et al. – Method
Naturalistic observation of monkeys choosing between "boy" and "girl" toys.

Hassett et al. – Findings
Male monkeys preferred male-typical toys; suggests some preferences may be biological.

Hölzel et al. – Aim
To investigate if mindfulness increases gray matter in the brain.

Hölzel et al. – Method
MRI scans before and after 8-week mindfulness training.

Hölzel et al. – Findings
Increased gray matter in areas related to memory and emotion regulation.

COGNITIVE APPROACH

Andrade – Aim
To see if doodling improves attention and memory.

Andrade – Method
Lab experiment with doodling and non-doodling groups listening to a boring recording.

Andrade – Findings
Doodlers recalled more information than non-doodlers.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Aim
To test if adults with autism have impaired Theory of Mind.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Method
Quasi-experiment using the Eyes Test.

Baron-Cohen et al. – Findings
ASD group scored lower on emotion recognition than control groups.

Pozzulo et al. – Aim
To examine eyewitness accuracy in children vs. adults.

Pozzulo et al. – Method
Lab setting, participants identified suspects from lineups.

Pozzulo et al. – Findings
Children less accurate than adults in target-absent lineups.

LEARNING APPROACH

Bandura et al. – Aim
To investigate if aggression can be learned through observation.

Bandura et al. – Method
Lab experiment where children watched aggressive or non-aggressive adult models.

Bandura et al. – Findings
Children who saw aggressive models imitated aggressive behavior.

Fagen et al. – Aim
To study operant conditioning in infants.

Fagen et al. – Method
Music played when infants kicked; tested reinforcement.

Fagen et al. – Findings
Infants increased kicking when it led to music; shows learning through reinforcement.

Saavedra and Silverman – Aim
To treat a boy’s button phobia using cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Saavedra and Silverman – Method
Clinical case study with self-reports and exposure therapy.

Saavedra and Silverman – Findings
Phobia reduced using positive reinforcement and cognitive restructuring.

SOCIAL APPROACH

Milgram – Aim
To investigate obedience to authority figures.

Milgram – Method
Lab experiment where participants were instructed to give electric shocks.

Milgram – Findings
65% of participants gave the maximum 450V shock.

Perry et al. – Aim
To study how authority affects personal space.

Perry et al. – Method
Field experiment measuring distance people kept from authority vs. peer figures.

Perry et al. – Findings
Participants maintained more distance from authority figures.

Piliavin et al. – Aim
To examine helping behavior in a real-life setting.

Piliavin et al. – Method
Field experiment on a subway with ill or drunk victims.

Piliavin et al. – Findings
Victims who appeared ill were more likely to be helped than drunk ones.

RESEARCH METHODS (GENERAL)

Lab Experiment – Definition
Controlled experiment in a lab setting with high internal validity.

Field Experiment – Definition
Experiment conducted in a natural setting with real-world behavior.

Case Study – Definition
In-depth study of an individual or small group using multiple methods.

Observation – Definition
Watching and recording behavior as it occurs.

Self-report – Definition
Participants provide data through questionnaires or interviews.

Quantitative Data – Definition
Numerical data that can be statistically analyzed.

Qualitative Data – Definition
Descriptive data that provides depth and context.

Reliability – Definition
The consistency or repeatability of a measure or study.

Validity – Definition
The accuracy of a measure—whether it measures what it's supposed to.

Ethics – Key Points
Includes consent, deception, protection from harm, and right to withdraw.