Sequence Clinical I

EDTA

The Lavender Top Tube contains __, which is an anticoagulant.

In house chemistries

The Green Top Tube is used for __ and electrolyte testing.

Clotting time tests

Plasma samples from the Blue Top Tube are used for __ and blood typing.

Gel serum

The Tiger/Gold Top Tube contains a __ and is used for serum chemistries.

Nothing 

The Red/White Top Tube contains  __

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

The Red Tipped Microhematocrit Tube can be used to determine __ and Total Protein.

plasma

What does the Lavender Top Tube yield?

plasma

What does the Green Top Tube yield?

plasma

What does the Blue Top Tube yield?

serum

What does the Tiger/Gold Top Tube yield?

serum

What does the Red/White (or Plain Red) Top Tube yield?

plasma

What does the Red Tipped Microhematocrit Tube yield?

Lithium heparin

What does the Green Top Tube contains?

Sodium citrate

What does the Blue Top Tube contains?

PCV

The BlueTipped Microhematocrit Tube can be used to determine __ and Total Protein.

Giardia Cyst

Scientific Name: Giardia duodenails; Shape: Oval; Shell: Thin; Size: 8-12; Special Features: Shiny face-like features.

Coccidia

Scientific Name: Cystoisospora spp; Shape: Oval; Shell: Thin; Size: 15-40; Special Features: Clear, single spor.

Tapeworm (From rodents)

Scientific Name: Taenia spp (from rodents); Shape: Round/Oval; Shell: Thick; Size: 30-40; Special Features: Single with six hooks.

Hookworm

Scientific Name: Ancylostoma spp; Shape: Oval; Shell: Thin; Size: 55-75; Special Features: Multi-cell embryo inside.

Roundworm

Scientific Name: Toxocara spp; Shape: Round; Shell: Thick, rough; Size: 75-85; Special Features: Dark single-cell embryo.

Whipworm

Scientific Name: Trichuris vulpis; Shape: Football/Lemon; Shell: Thick; Size: 70-90; Special Features: Bipolar plugs.

Tapeworm (from fleas)

Scientific Name: Dipylidium caninum Shape: Clustered; Shell: Thin; Size: Each egg ~35-40, ~200 eggs in total; Special Features: Multiple eggs in a pocket.

What is ringworm?

A fungal skin infection.

What is the most common type of immunologic test performed in practice?

ELISA Test.

What is the purpose of gram staining?

Classifying bacteria based on their cell walls to determine proper treatment.

How is rabies transmitted?

From a bite with infected saliva.

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

Contact with contaminated urine, soil, or water.

How is brucellosis transmitted?

Contact with infected animals or fluids.

How is campylobacteriosis transmitted?

Eating undercooked poultry or animal feces.

How is E. coli transmitted?

Contaminated feces.

How is bubonic plague transmitted?

Flea bites from infected animals.

How is giardiasis transmitted?

Drinking infected water or contact with feces.

How is psittacosis transmitted?

Breathing in bird droppings or secretions.

How are roundworms transmitted?

Ingesting infectious eggs in feces.

How are hookworms transmitted?

Contact with contaminated soil or feces.

How is tularemia transmitted?

From infected animals, flies, ticks or inhalation.

How is cat-scratch disease transmitted?

Bites, scratches, or saliva from infected cats.

What type of sample is needed for a heartworm ELISA test?

Blood

What type of sample is needed for a giardia ELISA test?

Feces

Jugular Small Dog

Restraint Technique: Place the dog in a sitting position on the table. Stand behind it, using your hands to elevate the head and expose the neck.

Jugular Large Dog

Restraint Technique: Place the dog in a sitting position on the floor, preferably in a corner. Straddle the dog, using your knees to hold its shoulders and your hands to raise its head.

Cephalic Any Size

Restraint Technique: Restrain in a sitting position. Use one hand to squeeze the forelimb and rotate the vessel laterally about a quarter turn.

Lateral Saphenous Any Size

Restraint Technique: Place the dog in lateral recumbency. Use one forearm to block the head, one hand to hold the bottom forelimb, and the other hand to hold the hind limb and occlude the vein at the stifle.

Jugular Feline

Restraint Technique: Place the cat in sternal recumbency at the edge of the table. Grasp the front legs and pull them down over the edge while using the other hand to restrain and slightly elevate the head. Avoid scruffing.

Cephalic Feline

Restraint Technique: Place the cat in sitting or sternal recumbency. Squeeze the proximal forearm and roll your hand laterally a quarter turn while the other hand restrains the head.

Medial Saphenous Feline

Restraint Technique: Place the cat in lateral recumbency with its spine against your forearm. Gently grasp the scruff, hold the top leg, and apply a 'karate chop' pressure on the lower limb cranial to the stifle to occlude the vein.

Pathogen

A microorganism that causes disease can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

Direct Contact Transmission

Direct contact with an infected person or animal. Exa skin to skin, Ringworm

Indirect Contact Transmission

Contact with a fomite (an inanimate object/ surface that may be contaminated). Ex contaminated table(ringworm), or floor (fecal / oral parasites)

Airborne Transmission

Through the air (sneeze, cough, infected air). Ex kicked up from soil (valley fiver) or cough (kennel cough)   

Intermediate Host

An organism that carries the larval stage of parasite to the definitive host, (final host that contains sexual/ mature parasite). Ex fleas - tape worm or mosquito - heart worm 

Vector

Any organism that transmits the pathogen between host. Ex tick borne diseases

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans or vice-versa

Non-Zoonotic Diseases

Lyme diseas, Demodex, Erlichia, Otitic Extrema

ELISA Test stands for 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Snap 4Dx Test

Heartworm, Lyme, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma 

Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)

Used for testing suspected fungal infections in pets; incubate for 7-10 days. Test for ringworm as well as a blacklight

Elisa test that needs feces

Parvovirus and Giardia

Elisa test that needs Serum

Leptospirosis

Snap Combo Test

Felv and FIV

Blue/Purple (Gram-positive Bacteria)

Have a thicker cell wall that soaks up antibiotic easier making it more susceptible to treatment

Pink/Red (Gram-negative Bacteria)

have a thinner cell wall and protective outer wall membrane which makes it more resistant to the treatment

cocci

rods/bacilli

Spirals/spirochetes

Sarcoptes scabiei

Commonly known as the Burrowing mite, it has a round body and short legs, diagnosed by a skin scrape.

Demodex spp

Known as the Normal flora mite, these cigar-shaped mites are also identified through a skin scrape.

Otodectes spp

Referred to as the Ear mite, it features an oval and elongated body with long legs, diagnosed via an ear swab.

Cheyletiella spp

Commonly called Walking dandruff, this mite has a broad and elongated body with long legs and hook-like mouthparts, diagnosed by a tape test.

Anoplura

Known as Sucking lice, these parasites have a narrow head compared to the thorax, blood-feeding mouthparts, and are diagnosed through microscopic examination of lice and nits.

Mallophaga

Referred to as Chewing lice, they possess a broad, rounded head (wider than thorax) with chewing mouthparts and are diagnosed through visual or microscopic examination of the hair coat.

An illness that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

What is a zoonotic disease?

Eating undercooked poultry or animal feces.

What is a common way Campylobacteriosis is transmitted?

Dogs, cats, birds

Which animals are common sources of Campylobacteriosis?

Through contaminated feces

How is E. coli typically transmitted from animals to humans?

Livestock, pets, humans

What are common sources of E. coli?

Ingesting infectious eggs present in animal feces.

How are Roundworms primarily transmitted to humans?

Dogs, cats

Which common household pets are sources of Roundworms?

Through contact with contaminated soil or feces.

How can Hookworms be transmitted to humans?

Dogs, cats

What are common sources of Hookworms?

Contact with contaminated urine, soil, or water.

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

Dogs, rodents, livestock

Which animals are typical sources of Leptospirosis?

Drinking infected water or direct contact with feces

How is Giardiasis transmitted?

Dogs, cats, wildlife

What are common sources of Giardiasis?

Bites, scratches, or saliva from an infected cat.

What is the primary transmission method for Cat-Scratch Disease?

1. Through infected saliva, usually from a bite

What is the most common way Rabies is transmitted to humans?

Dogs, bats, raccoons

Which animals are common carriers of Rabies?

Contact with infected animals or their fluids.

How is Brucellosis transmitted?

Cattle, pigs, goats

What are typical sources of Brucellosis?

Breathing in dried bird droppings or secretions

How is Psittacosis transmitted to humans?

Parrots, pigeons

What types of birds are sources of Psittacosis?

From infected animals, flies, ticks, or inhalation

How can Tularemia be transmitted?

Rabbits, rodents.

What are common animal sources of Tularemia?

Through flea bites from infected animals

How is Bubonic Plague typically transmitted to humans?

Cats, rodents

What are common sources for the fleas that transmit Bubonic Plague?

Wash your hands! Wear gloves! Cook meats thoroughly

What are some key general hygiene practices to prevent zoonotic diseases?

Avoid drinking untreated water! Wash hands

What is important to remember about water safety to prevent zoonotic diseases?

Keep vaccinations up to date! Wear PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)! Control fleas & ticks

What are some animal care practices that help prevent zoonotic diseases?