Abnormal Psychology Depressive and Bipolar disorders

Test 3

What is mood?

emotional state or frame of mind

descriptors of depressive and BPD

• extreme reactions not explained by life circumstances

• no apparent cause

• symptoms continuing for days to months

• affects well-being and functioning

What did BPD use to be known as?

manic-depression

Emotional symptoms of depression

• intense sadness

• apathy

• worthlessness

• lowered self-esteem

cognitive symptoms in depression

• rumination

• suicidal thoughts

• self-degradation

• pessimistic thoughts

Behaviors symptoms of depression

fatigue

social withdrawl

agitation or restless

anhedonia (loss of ability to get pleasure from normally pleasant things)

slow speech

lack of cleanliness

physiological symptoms of depression

• appetite/weight changes

• sleep problems (sleeping too much or too little)

• decreased sex drive

• aches and pains

Symptoms of (hypo)mania

• expansive mood (irritable, agitated)

• increased levels of activity (the level of increase is less in hypomania

• possible psychosis (in mania)

• grandiosity (inflated sense of self)

• rapid speech

• impulsiveness

• increased sex drive

• Decreased need for sleep

criteria for a MDD diagnosis

• most of the day

• nearly everyday

• lasts 2+ weeks

DSM definition of a MDD episode

• depressed mood/emptiness

• apathy

• weight/appetite changes

• decreased concentration/decision making

• sluggishness

What is season depression?

• cyclic depression, generally worsening in the winter and letting up in the spring

• Decreasing daylight worsens the depression

• in the DSM: “MDD with a seasonal pattern”

What is persistent depressive disorder?

• aka dysthymia

• similar symptoms of MDD

• symptoms most of the day, most days, for 2+ years

Prevelance of depressive disorders

• most common psychiatric disorder

• 21% of population has had a depressive episode in their lifetime

• more common in women

Biological etiology of depressive disorder

• decreased serotonin, dopamine

• genetics (runs in families)

• overactivity of HPA (stress response)

• overproduction of cortisol

psychological dimension for depressive disorders

• insufficient social reinforcement

• stress

• early traumas

• Beck’s 6 type of faulty thinking

• negative self-schemas (how we look at ourselves)

Beck’s cognitive theory

depression is a disturbance in thinking not a disturbance in mood

Beck’s 6 types of fault thinking

• arbitrary inference (don’t have all the facts)

• overgeneralization

• magnification

• selective subtraction (not considering bigger context)

• cognitive frameworks helps organize info

• negative schemas

learned helplessness

we believe we have no control over what happens to us

attributional style

how we explain our life events

social dimension for depressive disorders

• adverse childhood experiences

• parental depression

sociocultural dimension for depressive disorders

culture, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender

What are the types of bipolar disorders

• Bipolar I Disorder

• Bipolar II Disorder

• Cyclothymic

Diagnosis and classification of BPD I

• at least one manic episode

• Severe depression doesn’t have to be present

• manic symptoms for at least one week

Diagnosis and classification of BPD II

• at least one major depressive episode for 2 weeks

• at least 1 hypomanic episode for 4 consecutive days

What is the difference between BPD I and BPD II?

• bipolar one has manic episodes (more severe)

• bipolar II has hypomanic episode (less of a drastic “high”)

• hypomania can progress to full mania

Diagnosis and classification of cyclothymic disorder

• milder hypomanic symptoms

• milder depressed moods (not necessarily a major depression)

• 2+ years

• never symptom free for more than 2 months

• earlier onset (teens instead of YA)

Prevalence of BPDs

much less common that depressive disorders (less than 1% of all three types)

Biological etiology of BPDs

• genetic factors

• multiple gene interactions

• overactive regions of the brain

• traumatic brain injuries

• no gender differences

Treatment for BPDs

• most effective treatment is psychotherpay + meds + psychoeducation

• Lithium

• antipsychotics

• antidepressants (only sometimes)