Ohio US History Air Test Study Guide

Ohio Air Tets Study Guide

The Age of Enlightenment

Intellectual and scientific movement, characterized by a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues. Made us realize that God did not put Kings and Queens in power for us to serve them, but instead we realize they should serve us. Is this true today?

Declaration of Independence

The Age of Enlightenment has made us realize that Great Britain is denying our natural rights and abusive in their tyrannical acts, therefore, we are parting ways and declaring our independence.

Northwest Ordinance

As we expanded, we saw the need for our acquired territory to have proper governance. This will be used to protect the rights of citizens in these territories and guide assurances for future rights, such as schooling, representation, and abolishing slavery.

Articles of Confederation

Our first set of laws that were weak and allowed states to do their own thing and act in their own best interest. This created a lot of problems economically, politically, and socially. Example: Who was going to pay our debts from our war with England?

The Constitution of the United States

New set of laws to strengthen and unify our government. This gives us the ability to address the issues facing the nation. We used the ideas of the Enlightenment Age, to create a workable form of government.

Federalist Papers

Collection of essays to promote and support the idea of having a strong federal/national government, as proposed in the new Constitution.

Anti-federalist Papers

Collection of essays that raised questions to the threats of having a powerful nation government, such as taxation and the inadequate protection of the people's rights.

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments. Laws added to the Constitution to assure the rights of the people. Ideas came from the Enlightenment Period, the Magna Carta, and experiences of past government abuses. With this the anti-federalist are satisfied and the Constitution passes.

Civil War

Our country was divided and fought over the issues of slavery, and whether or not the federal government had more power than the states. The Southern states wanted to succeed from the Union, claiming the federal government was too powerful and infringing on their states' rights. Union/North won.

Reconstruction

The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War. Intentions were good, but tax money was not well spent and it led to a lot of corruption.

End of Reconstruction

The removal of federal troops led back to discrimination, segregation, and the passage of Jim Crow laws by Southern States.

Ku Klux Klan

nativist organization, which increased violence and discrimination towards African Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that said things could be separate as long as they were equal.

Industrialization

This was characterized by the rise of corporations and industry, which transforms the American economy and society. These new factory jobs increase the need for Americans to move from rural areas to urban areas. It also increases the need for immigrants to fill some of these industrial factory jobs. Mechanized farming, which increases production and replaces human labor on the farm, also changes our demographics.

Progressivism

We progress and move ahead as a society during this time of industrialization. New technologies and innovations lead to better and easier ways of doing things, which allows us to grow and change economically, demographically, and socially, however people moving to the cities, face crowdedness, unsanitary conditions, corruption, and many other social ills.

Progressives

During this time they will expose political corruption, corporate and industrial practices of taking advantage of workers, and social injustices. It leads to anti-trust legislation so businesses and industrialist can't take advantage of us the people. Unions are formed to protect the workers. Other legislation, such as, railroad legislation, consumer protection legislation, federal reserve legislation are passed to protect the people.

Immigration

People from other countries moving into our country. Made the United States more culturally diverse by diffusing new traits with our already existing American culture.

Internal migration

Many people left their farms for the cities seeking greater job opportunities. African Americans fled the rural South for the urban North. These changes in demographics helped transform northern cities economically and culturally.

Urbanization

Transformed the physical nature of cities. Buildings became taller and tenement buildings provided housing for working families. The crowding created problems such increased crime and unsanitary conditions. Improvements in transportation did allow for the development of suburbs, which allowed for the middle class to live outside the city, but still work there.

Foreign Expansion

creates new markets for our American goods to be sold. It also expands our military capabilities to protect our trade, these new markets, and gives us more influence around the world.

Spanish American War

We defeat Spain in Cuba and the Philippines, which increases our global power status.

World War I

We enter World War I on the side of the Allies and helped them achieve victory over the central powers. As Europe was recovering from the war, we enjoyed a period of peace and economic prosperity that allowed us to exert authority as a world power. As a world leader, it was our intention to preserve peace by creating such things as the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Social Unrest

Created by racial intolerance, anti-immigrant attitudes, and the Red Scare

The Great Migration

African Americans move out of the South into the Northern cities to improve the lives of their families. Not always welcomed, this heightened racial tensions in the North and led to a series of urban riots in 1919. Down in the South, Jim Crow legislation continued and the revival of the KKK created a loy of unrest for African Americans.

Anti-immigration attitudes

a dislike, intolerance, and discrimination towards immigrants coming into this country. There was fear that these immigrants would steal jobs, change our culture, and disrupt our families and neighborhoods.

Nativism

Putting our nation and people above that of immigrants. To help with this we passed immigration quotas to keep out people not like us. An intolerance toward immigrants, different racial groups, Catholics, and Jews was exhibited by groups such as the KKK.

The Red Scare

The fear of communism making its way into our country and our government. This fear led to the deportation of some immigrants, led to the incarceration of others, and created anti-immigrant attitudes.

Post World War I (1920s)

We experience successful advances in industry, the mass production of goods, and an economic boom that improved our standard of living. It was a period of successful advances and innovations in communications, such as the radio, motion pictures, and wider circulation of newspapers and magazines. Advances in transportation included the Model T and airplanes.

Harlem Renaissance

Celebration of African American culture and contributed to social change. This art and literature movement gave pride to people of African heritage and increased the awareness of the struggles related to the intolerance of them. Jazz also flourished in their communities during this time.

Women's Suffrage

19th Amendment to our Constitution, giving women the right to vote. This change brought more women into the political process, eventually including women running for public office.

Prohibition

18th Amendment to our Constitution, outlawing the sale, distribution, and consumption of alcohol. Was thought to do away with all the social ills of our society, but in the end it created speakeasies and increased organized crime. The law was difficult to enforce and was eventually repealed by the 21st Amendment.

The Great Depression

Period of great economic downturn caused, in part, by the federal government's monetary policies, stock market speculation, and increasing consumer debt. Banks were lending excessive amounts of money that people and business would have a hard time paying back. The Federal Reserve attempted to curb these practices by constricting the money supply. Less money available to the public only increased the difficulty of repaying loans and continuing operations for businesses.

Stock Market Speculation

People bought stocks on margin, thinking they would be able to repay their loan once they made huge profits. When the Stock Market crashed many investors lost their investments and fortunes. This had a ripple effect, in that, business lost investors to create more jobs. People then were not buying as much, causing lay-offs. Now people have less money to repay their loans, and because people are no longer buying companies don't do well at all, having to lay more workers off in this vicious cycle.

The New Deal

Roosevelt's policy of providing our nation with relief and recovery during the Great Depression. He created programs to provide relief to the unemployed by creating government jobs and to institute reforms for the protection of the elderly, farmers, investors, and laborers. To do this though we see the government gain more and more control from this point on.

Isolationism

The policy of keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance and limiting international involvement. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were attempts to isolate the country from the problems erupting in Asia and Europe, even when World War II started. Make no mistake though, we still supported our Allies with programs such as the "cash and carry" and "Lend Lease Act".

World War II

War between the Allies and Axis Powers, in which we eventually take the side of the Allies. We feel the Axis Powers are aggressive and expanding, which could cause us problems in the near future. As an example, if Japan gains too much control in East Asia, they could eventually close our trade door with China. The Allies, on the other hand, have been good trade partners and supportive of our democratic system.

Atlantic Charter

Plan made with Great Britain on how to deal with our enemies, the Axis Powers.

Pearl Harbor

December 7th, 1941 the Japanese bombed us at Pearl Harbor. This ends our policy of isolationism and officially puts us at war with the Axis Powers.

Mobilization

Getting our troops ready for war. Our government recognized the importance of getting our men ready and the importance of changing over to a wartime economy, capable of producing the supplies, goods, and services for our war effort and that of our allies. People were asked to enlist in the military, conduct scrap drives, ration products, and plant victory gardens to supplement food supplies. Businesses were asked to switch their production to war related goods and asked/told to impose regulations on wages and prices. Some Labor Unions even signed no-strike pledges.

Job Opportunities

Job opportunities opened up for women and minorities during the World War II. African Americans organized to end discrimination and segregation so that they could contribute to eht war effort. Unfortunately, Japanese Americans, along the west coast, were interned in relocation camps by the U.S. government. Even then many enlisted in our military.

Atomic Bombs

Introduced a new type of weapon capable of mass destruction. This quickly ended the war with Japan and World War II. These new atomic weapons changed the nature of war, altered the balance of power. When the Soviets developed their own atomic bombs in 1949, they became the second superpower. This also began a nuclear arms race with the United States that continued for decades and threatened world peace, this became a part of the Cold War.

Cold War

Tension between the United States and the Soviet Union marked by challenges to gain power and influence around the world. The more power and influence we have, the more we benefit in trading with other countries and gaining allies.

Containment

The policy of stopping the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were efforts to build up European Allies and protect each other to resist the spread of communism

China falls to Communism

After WWII, China fell to communism, but we were able to keep the trade door open. We did take a stance in the surrounding countries of Asia so communism would not spread and jeopardize any further trade.

Second Red Scare and McCarthyism

We were fearful that communism maybe spreading within our own country, through the media, labor unions, universities, and other organizations. Senator Joseph McCarthy played on the fears of communism infiltrating the U.S. government and military. People's civil liberties were again challenged through such things as the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee), which prompted employers to blacklist suspected communists, including actors and writers.

Cold War (continued)

The United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) emerged as the two super powers of the world. They ideologically opposed each other, competing for power and influence. The prolonged contest weakened the USSR financially and had social and political implications in the United States.

Conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba

Battle grounds in the Cold War to gain influence and power, fortunately, nuclear war was averted.

- In Korea

we kept communism from spreading, but Korea remained divided.

- In Vietnam

difficulties and eventual withdrawal led to the unification of a communist Vietnam. It also forced us to seek other allies in future conflicts. The Vietnam War at the time divided our country and sparked massive protest, wondering if we should even be there.

- In the Cuban Missile Crisis

we stood up to communism, demanding the Soviets remove their missiles from communist Cuba.

In Latin America and the Middle East

took stances, sometimes taking action, to stop the spread of communism.

Collapse of Communist Governments in Europe

1. Several communist governments in Eastern Europe gave up power following mass demonstrations for democracy. 2. The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in independent republics that moved to institute democratic reforms and introduce free-markets. We gladly provided assistance to those supporting economic and education reforms.

- African Americans

organizations such as the NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and the National Urban League struggled for equal opportunities and to end segregation. They used the court systems and demonstrations to change long-standing policies and laws.

- Mexican Americans

organized through the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) to improve the conditions of migrant workers.

- American Indians

formed groups such as the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) and the American Indian Movement (AIM) to improve conditions on reservations, protect land rights, and improve opportunities in education and employment.

- Women

organized groups such as the National Organization of Women (NOW) to create equal opportunities through demonstrations and lawsuits.

Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream" speech

Explained how America needed to evaluate whether or not our ideals and rights were being realized and guaranteed to all citizens of our American society.

Post War Economic Boom

After World War II, the United States underwent a fundamental social change and unprecedented prosperity. We shift from an industrial to a technological/service economy. The mass media had a larger impact in our lives. The demand for housing and automobile ownership spurred the growth of suburbs and economic opportunities in defense plants and high tech industries led to a growth in Sun Belt migration. American lives were also impacted by the expansion of Civil Rights, medicine, better communication, nuclear energy, and transportation.

Baby boomers

increase in the number of babies being born between the years 1946 and 1964. Impacted our schools then, and now impacts Social Security and other areas of use by older Americans.

Population Flow from the cities to the suburbs

Cities became predominately black, poor, strongly democratic. Suburbs were mainly white and leaned Republican. The decaying environment and low employment opportunities in large cities led to riots in the 1960s

Sun Belt

Southern part of the United States, including California. This area provides economic opportunities in defense plants and high tech industries, which led to a growth in Sun Belt migration.

Rust Belt

Northern part of the United States, which use to be the center of industry, including the booming car industry of the 1950s and 1960s

Immigration Act of 1965

allowed more individuals from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, which changed the demographics of the United States. Hispanics became the fastest growing minority group and led to the increase of the Spanish language. As these people become citizens, their voting practices impact the balance of power in politics.

Role of the Government

During the 1930s and 1940s there was a great expansion in the role of the federal government. Roosevelt (FDR) increased the role of the government to get us out of the Depression, mostly by creating government jobs and regulations. In the 1970s and 1980s, the government has taken on the role of protecting the environment due to the research on the effects of pesticides, pollution and waste disposal, and concerns about conservation and global warming. This has also led to the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency. Recently, the government has also taken more of a role with social issues such as poverty, unemployment, and national health care. Controversy has always surrounded the thoughts and ideas of the federal government getting more and more involved in our lives. Some think it has gone too far and others think it hasn't gone far enough.

Global communication

has rapidly increased use of technologies such as the personal computer, internet, and mobile phone.

International Trade

Businesses now operate internationally with production facilities often being in more than one country.

Overseas Competition

has challenged American producers and local communities. Has led to a decrease in manufacturing jobs and has closed plants. It has also contributed to the shift toward the service industry and a growth in lower paying jobs.

Trade deficit

The United States trade deficit has increased with the value of goods and services imported exceeds those that are exported.

Post Cold War

New challenges are faced since the attacks on September 11th, 2001. There are political challenges, challenges in national security, and economic challenges

- Economic Challenges

include operating with-in a globalized economy. Reduction in defense spending led to the loss of millions of U.S. jobs in defense plants.

- National Security

war on terrorism, debates over wars, and a debate over the USA PATRIOT Act, which detained and tortured enemy combatants, divided the nation. Balancing our national security with our civil liberties is always a challenge.

- Political Challenges

debates our role in global politics and questions if we should be at war in some cases.

Post Cold War

International Trade

Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream" speech

Collapse of Communist Governments in Europe

- In Korea

Conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba

Cold War

Tension between the United States and the Soviet Union marked by challenges to gain power and influence around the world. The more power and influence we have, the more we benefit in trading with other countries and gaining allies.

Containment

The policy of stopping the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were efforts to build up European Allies and protect each other to resist the spread of communism

China falls to Communism

Cold War