Understanding Global Divides and Demographic Transitions

Purchasing Power Parity

Adjustment accounting for cost of living differences.

Life Expectancy

Average years a person is expected to live.

Under-5 Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of children under five per 1,000 live births.

Literacy Rate

Percentage of adults who can read and write.

Brandt Report

1980s report analyzing global economic disparities.

Brandt Line

Geographical division indicating wealth disparity globally.

Globalization

Process increasing global interconnectedness and interdependence.

Global Divide

Economic gap between rich and poor nations.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Measure ranking countries by income, health, and education.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Total income produced within a country, per capita.

Global North

Term for wealthy, industrialized countries.

Global South

Term for poorer, developing countries.

Third World

Outdated term for less economically developed countries.

Economic Capability

Nation's ability to produce and consume goods.

Social Gaps

Disparities in wealth and quality of life.

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

Agency focused on global development and poverty reduction.

Income Inequality

Uneven distribution of income across a population.

Decolonization

Process of former colonies gaining independence.

Political Geographies

Spatial distribution of political power and resources.

Cultural Marginalization

Exclusion of certain cultures from mainstream society.

Economic Activism

Efforts to promote economic equity and justice.

Geopolitical Relations

Interactions influenced by geographical and political factors.

Statistical Formula

Mathematical expression used for data analysis.

Measurement Errors

Mistakes in data collection affecting accuracy.

Income of Richest 1%

Wealth equivalent to poorest half of the population.

Combined Income of 25 Richest Americans

Equals income of poorest 2 billion globally.

Under-nourishment Rate

Percentage of population lacking sufficient nutrition.

Crude Birth Rate

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

G8

Group of 8 Industrialized Nations including USA, Japan, Russia, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Canada.

G7

A group of seven nations formed in 1975 to resist the 1973 oil embargo by the Arabs.

G20

A coalition formed in 1999 that includes nations such as Brazil, China, Saudi Arabia, and the European Union.

Low Income Countries (LICs)

Countries with a Gross National Income per Capita of less than $976 in 2008.

Middle Income Countries (MICs)

Countries with a Gross National Income per Capita between $976 and $11,906 in 2008.

Upper Middle Income Countries

Countries with a Gross National Income per Capita of more than $11,906 in 2008.

Top Ten HDI Countries (2019)

Countries ranked highest in HDI: Norway, Switzerland, Ireland, Germany, Hong Kong, Australia, Iceland, Sweden, Singapore, Netherlands.

Bottom Ten HDI Countries (2019)

Countries ranked lowest in HDI: Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Mali, Burundi, South Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Niger.

Least Developed Countries

Countries designated by the United Nations that as of 2018 included 47 countries, primarily in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

Dependency Theory

Emphasizes how colonized territories became poor due to colonial relations, with economies oriented towards serving external demand.

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an assembly of 37 member states promoting economic growth and sustainable development.

Global North Characteristics

Includes wealthy, industrialized nations, democratic and capitalist countries, and technologically advanced economies.

Global South Characteristics

Comprised of poor countries, politically unstable, and lacking the right technology.

World Bank Classification System

A classification system based on Gross National Income per Capita to categorize countries into LICs, MICs, and Upper Middle Income.

UN Human Development Indicators

Indicators including life expectancy, health profile, education, and political participation used to assess human development.

Difference between Global South and Third World

Global South is a modern term replacing Third World, which referred to non-alignment during the Cold War.

Bandung Conference

A 1955 meeting in Indonesia where leaders of newly independent countries formed a non-aligned movement.

Economic Vulnerability Criteria

Criteria for Least Developed Countries including low income, low human capital, and high economic vulnerability.

Population Distribution

The North holds 1/4 of the world population and controls 4/5 of the income, while the South holds 3/4 of the population and has access to 1/5 of the world income.

Political and Economic Stability

The G7 and G8 are known as major policy-makers capable of promoting or disrupting political and economic stability.

Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies.

Structuralism

Focus on capital accumulation reliance on external economies.

Import-Substitution Industrialization

Policy to replace imports with local production.

Buy Pinoy Products

Campaign promoting Filipino goods over imports.

One Town, One Product

Philippine program promoting local town products.

Modernization Theory

Societal progress linked to material goods production.

Walt W. Rostow

Proponent of modernization theory in foreign policy.

Realism

Pessimistic view of international power struggles.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Philosopher influencing realist political thought.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher known for views on human selfishness.

Liberalism

Optimistic perspective promoting cooperation and peace.

Immanuel Kant

Philosopher advocating for universal peace through cooperation.

Marxism

Focus on economic power structures and inequalities.

ASEAN

Regional organization formed to combat communism.

APEC

Economic cooperation forum for Asia-Pacific nations.

ASEAN Plus Three

Includes Japan, Korea, and China for regional cooperation.

East Asian Summit

Regional forum including major powers USA and Russia.

Cultural Homogeneity

Similar cultures may aid regional cooperation.

Geographical Asia

Diverse region complicating cultural unity.

Economic Interdependence

Mutual reliance among nations for trade.

Bilateral Free Trade Agreements

Trade deals between two countries to reduce barriers.

Resource Exploitation

Extraction of resources often harming local economies.

Vietnam War

Conflict influencing U.S. foreign policy in Asia.

Technocratic Style

Governance by technical experts in economic matters.

Diversity in Asia

Variety of cultures presenting challenges for unity.

Northeast Asian Countries

China, Japan, and Korea with dense economic networks.

Regionalism

Political process for cooperation among regional countries.

Regionalization

Societal integration within a specific geographical region.

Economic Flows

Movement of goods and services across borders.

Asian Development Bank

Institution aimed at promoting economic growth in Asia.

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Agency providing economic grants and development assistance.

Production Networks

Specialized production systems across different countries.

Asian Bond

Financial instruments to promote regional economic integration.

Oral Communication

Oldest medium facilitating human cooperation and trade.

Script

First writing system enabling long-distance communication.

Printing Press

Revolutionized information dissemination and cultural exchange.

Electronic Media

Media requiring electricity, enhancing global communication.

Market Integration

Facilitation of trade and economic activities across regions.

Cultural Production

Creation and distribution of cultural goods and services.

Global Citizenship

Ethical implications of belonging to a global community.

Solidarity in Regionalism

Unity among member states for effective regional integration.

Domestic Consumption Markets

Internal markets that many Asian nations underutilize.

Global Integration

Interconnectedness of economies and cultures worldwide.

Developmental Momentum

Strong drive towards regional cooperation and integration.

Ethical Implications

Moral considerations arising from global interconnectedness.

Cross-Continental Transactions

Trade and exchanges occurring between different continents.

International Trade

Exchange of goods and services across national borders.

Climate Change

Global environmental issue affecting all nations.

Terrorism

Global security threat impacting international relations.

Telegraph

Early electronic communication device transmitting messages quickly.

Television

Powerful medium for global storytelling and connection.

Digital Media

Media using digital codes for information representation.