Period 1, c.1200 to c.1450

Jesus Christ

Christians believed that is the Son of God and forgiveness of Sins is only achievable through divinity, death, and resurrection.

Islamic Empire

The endured internal struggles often arising from San Francisco between Sunni and Shia sects.

Confucianism

did not have a similar impact on the wrestler rd, because it evolved only within the context of Chinese future.

Vedas

There is no central sacred text in Hinduism, though the and the Upishanads sources prayer versus and descriptions of the origin of the universe guide Hindus.

Middle East

The Hebrews are tried from the , where the original practitioners of Judaism Is not sanit on many of the concepts, typically associated with the religion, although a belief in afterlife, a set of traditions and doctrines and philosophy are a central part of it.

Vishnu

Hindu gods are manifestations of Bramma, notably , the preserver and Shiva the destroyer.

Abyssite Dynasty

The reigned from 750 to 1258 CE.

Confucius

was an educator and a political advisor.

Inca Empire

The set in the Andes Mountains in Peru, South America was an expansionist nature.

Aztecs

The were known for their policy and professional army, which allowed them to dominate nearby areas and civilizations.

Muslims

believe that salvation is one through the submission of will of God, and that this can be accomplished by following the five pillars of Islam.

Judaism

holds that God selected a group of people and made himself known to them if they followed his laws worship them and were faithful they would preserve them for all of time.

Hebrew Bible

The contained a counted miracles law, historical chronicles, sacred property and prophecies.

Mexico

The Aztecs also known as the arrived in central Mexico in the mid 1200s and built their own capital at Tenochititlan.

India

was the birthplace of two major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism in the 10th century.

city of Mecca

Islam rapidly spread out to the into other parts of the Middle East, under the beyond under Umanand Dynasty.

Mahayana Buddhism

involves greater rituals than Buddha specified and it appealed to people who believed that the original Buddhism did not offer enough spritual comfort.

Explain the various factors that led to the growth of the Silk Road trade networks in the 1200 - 1450 time period:

Various factors that led to the growth of the Silk Road were improved roads and traveling with groups. The better roads made it safer to travel far distances. Sometimes merchants and travelers would travel in groups for safety. An innovation that helped transport more goods and materials was the saddle. The saddle made camels carry heavier loads.

What luxury goods were often traded along the Silk Roads?

The silk was road to the world's largest global trade route in the 1200s. Gold, furs, fabrics and silk were some of the most valued items. Silk, bamboo, mirrors, paper, rhubarb, ginger, lacquer ware, chrysanthemums Furs, walrus tusks, amber, livestock, horses, falcons, hides, copper vessels, tents, saddles, slaves Cotton textiles, herbal medicine, previous stones, spices Dates, nuts, almonds, dried fruit, dyes, lapis lazuli, swords Gold coins, glassware, glazes, grapevines, jewelry, artworks, perfume, wool & linen textiles,
olive oil

What transportation technologies facilitated trade along the Silk Roads?

Transportation technologies such as the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of
money economies facilitates trade along the Silk Roads.

What commercial technology facilitated trade along the Silk Roads?

Compass, astrolabe, larger ships designs, new forms of credit. The idea of "Flying Money" became known, where a man could deposit money in one location and withdraw it in another. Flying Money originated from the Tang Dynasty and implemented there.

Explain how the Mongol Khanates developed:

Under the rule of Genghis Khan the Mongol Khanates developed by invading and conquering different empires then persuading the conquered people to join them. They also expanded by Genghis Khan's grandsons setting up and establishing their own khanates which then expanded the empire into Asia and Europe. Genghis Khan began conquering many kingdoms, earning his violent reputation for being so ruthless. He ruled from the North China Sea to eastern Persia.

Explain how the Mongol Khanates facilitated trade in Afro-Eurasia:

Genghis Khan made soldiers watch after the Silk roads, making them safer for trade and ushering in the third golden age for the Silk roads. New trade channels between Asia, Africa, and Europe formed. They improved roads, facilitating trade.

Describe some of the cultural transfers that resulted from the Mongol khanates:

Cultural transfers that resulted from the Mongol Knhates were the transfer of Greco (Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe), transfer of numbering systems to Europe, and , the adoption of Uyghur script

Explain the various factors that led to the growth of the Indian Ocean trade networks in the 1200 - 1450 time period:

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies: the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs.

What technologies facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean during the 1200-1450 time period?

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs(junk and dhow ships).

Explain the impact that Indian Ocean trade had on the Swahili city-states:

The Indian Ocean trade helped Swahili city-states grow and become more prosperous. The goods that come from the Swahili states were ivory, quartz, slaves, and leopard skins. Along with the Swahili, Indian Ocean trade also fostered the growth of Gujarat.

How did the Indian Ocean trade networks spread culture throughout the region?

The Indian Ocean trade networks spread culture throughout the region by by merchants who set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions. Merchants would marry people from other places, obtaining different religions and
customs. They also set up diasporic communities
where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, as a result, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.

Describe a diasporic community that resulted from the Indian Ocean trade:

Arab and Persian communities in East Africa Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin One of the diasporic communities that resulted in trade was the Arab and Persian communities in East Africa which lead to the Swahili language and the spread of Islam throughout Eastern and Northern Africa

What role did (specific) environmental factors play in the development of the Indian Ocean trade network?

A specific environmental effect that had an effect on the Indian Ocean trade Networks was the Monsoons, winds that blew from the southwest between may and September, and blew from northeast between October and April. Sailors used these winds to their advantage while traveling along the Indian ocean trade route.

Explain the various factors that led to the growth of the Trans-Saharan trade networks in the 1200 - 1450 time period:

Some of the various factors that led to the growth of the Trans-Saharan trade networks were the usage of camels and camel saddles. They established safety on the trade routes. Caravans also played a large role by keeping merchants safe in a group. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network. These included caravans and camel saddles.

What effects did this trade route have on the African continent (and beyond)?

The Trans-Saharan trade route transformed West Africa and the African Continent by connecting it to the larger more developed parts of the world. This trade route in particular was intriguing as it required the need for human adaptation and innovation over this vast desert area. The trade route helped spread many new ideologies and goods to Africa. These included the religion on Islam, introduction of salt, introduction of gold. Not all of these were good, one of these includes the introduction of slavery.

What technologies facilitated trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks?

Technologies that facilitated trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks were camels and camel saddles, which made transporting products and just travel in general along these trade routes much easier.

Explain the connection between Mali in West Africa and trade and
communication.

Mali controlled both trade and communication between West and North Africa. The trade that Mali controlled between the two was the gold salt trade. Their control was thanks to their established trade routes and positions. Mali was also one of the richest empires in its region. This is because it a an enormous supply of gold. - so rich, in fact, that when their king Mansa Musa made his pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca every place he stopped along the way became so flooded with gold that their economies inflated drastically.

Give a few examples of cultural transfers that occurred as a result of trade networks in the 1200-1450 time period:

Spread of Buddhism into East Asia.
Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia.
Spread of Islam into sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

Give examples of the diffusion of scientific/technological innovations that occurred as a result of trade networks in the 1200-1450 time period.

An example of the diffusion of scientific/technological innovations that occurred as a result of trade networks were the concepts of zero, compass, gunpowder, printing, paper, and more…

Describe some positive environmental effects of the various networks of exchange from c. 1200 to 1450.

Some positive environmental effects due to the use of various networks of exchange were the spreading of crops such as champa rice, cotton, bananas, and citrus, other things spread as well like terracing to grow rice

Describe some negative environmental effects of the various networks of exchange from c. 1200 to 1450.

Some negative effects of exchange of various trade routes were the spreading of plagues, which resulted in much death, labor shortages, peasant revolts, deforestation, overgrazing, and soil erosion.

Explain the similarities and differences among the
various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. ● Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. ● The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies