AP Exam 3 Ch.7-9 Dr. Vetro

axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, thoracic cavity

appendicular skeleton

limbs, pelvic, everything else

cranium

the skull. 8 bones surrounding the brain

facial bones

14 bones making the skull

sutures

immovable joints between the skull bones

orbits of the skull

cavities holding the eyes

sella turcia

depression that hold the pituitary gland (inside the skull)

cribriform plate

bone with tiny holes for olfactory nerves to pass through from the brain to nasal

concha

projections inside the nose that increase the turbulence of air as it flows in

turbinates

covered in mucous membrane

Wormian bones

tiny irregular bones within sutures of the skull

mastoiditis

ear infection then erodes into the bone then to the brain —> blood clots in the brain

intervertebral disc

between 2 vertebrae

• jelly center —> nucleus pulposus

• surrounding ring —→ annulus fibrousus

herniated disc

ring tears and some of the nucleus pulposus protrudes onto the spinal cord

vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Cervical vertebral column

has 7 vertebrae (C1-C7) “breakfast at 7”

C1

atlas - skull sits on

C2

axis - pump for atlas

What is the pump protruding out the axis for the atlas to sit on called?

odontoid process (dens)

Thoracic vertebral column

12 vertebrae T1-T12 “lunch at 12”

Lumbar vertebral column

5 vertebrae L1-L5 “dinner at 5”

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the spine

coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the sacrum “tailbone”

ligamentum nuchae

elastic ligament that attaches to the skull to the vertebrae

hyoid bone

attachment point for the tongue and neck muscles

• only bone not directly attached to another bone

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the vertebral column

kyphosis

thoracic vertebrae curvature “hump back”

lordosis

lumbar curvature

true ribs

connected directly to sternum (1-7)

false ribs

connected to the last true rib through costal cartilage (8-10)

floating ribs

not connected at all (11 & 12)

breastbone

sternum

3 parts of the sternum

• manubrium (top green)

• body (yellow)

• xiphoid process (bottom green)

collar bone

clavicle

what bone is commonly fractured?

the clavicle (collarbone)

shoulderblade

scapula

upper arm

humerus

forearm bones

radius and ulna

radius

thumb side

ulna

pinkie side

membrane between ulna and radius

interosseous membrane

wrist

collectively —> carpals

palm bones

metacarpals

fingers and toes

phalanges

hip bone

pelvic

parts of the pelvic

ilium

pubic

ischium

thigh bone

femur

kneecap

patella

cartilage in between the pubic bones

pubic symphsis

shin bone(s)

tibia and fibula

tibia

bigger

for weight barring

fibula

smaller

stabilization for tibia

ankles

medial malleolus- bottom of the tibia

lateral malleolus- bottom of the fibula

what are the arches of the foot for?

distribute body weight and shock absorption

fontanels

soft parts of the newborn babys skull

fibrous membrane between skull bones

compression before birth

brain

anterior fontanel

takes 10 months to close

posterior fontanel

closed before birth

how many fontanels are on a unborn baby?

6 fontanels

bulging fontanel of a newborn

possible brain tumor

congenital defect

present at birth

Colle’s fracture

break at the distal end of the radius

• caused by catching yourself from a fall with hands stretched out

joints

where 2 or more bones meet

synarthrosis joints

immovable joints (in the skull)

amphiarthrosis joints

slightly movable joints (vertebrae and ribs)

diarthrosis joints

freely movable (elbow, knee etc)

fibrous joints

2 bones are connected with fibrous tissue and NO cavity between (sutures)

sutures

immovable joints of the skull bones

syndesmosis joints

connected by ligament/membrane

gomphosis joint

fibrous joint connecting tooth to the socket in the jawbone

cartilaginous joints

connect by a plate of hyaline cartilage

symphysis cartilaginous joint

connected by fibrocartilage

synovial

bone ends with cartilage and has a cavity between bones filled with synovial fluid which is inclosed by synovial membrane

gliding synovial joints

between the wrist bones

hinge synovial joints

at the elbow and knee

ball and socket synovial joints

hip and shoulder joints

ligaments

bone to bone

tendons

muscle to bone

bursae

flatten sack of fluid when friction occurs

tendon sheath

bursae that wraps around a tendon

collateral joint of the knee

each side of the knee (fibular and tibial)

cruciate ligament of the knee

cross over the center of the knee

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

PCL

posterior cruciate of the knee

rotator cuff

the 4 muscles and their tendons to stabilize the shoulder

ligamentum teres

femur to the acetabulum of the pelvic

flexion

bend of the joint

dorsiflexion

bending foot upwards

plantar flexion

bending foot down (gas pedal)

extension

straightening the joint

hyperextension

over extending

ABduction

moving away from the midline

ADduction

moving towards the midline

circumduction

forming circle in space

rotation

turning bone on its own axis

supination

palms of the hands UP

Pronation

Palms down (ulna and radius make an X)

Inversion

Bottom of foot inwards

eversion

Turning foot outward

Sprain

Stretch or tear of a ligament