Studied by 10 people
Generalizing
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Experimental Group
in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Control Group
in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of treatment
Placebo
a substance with no known medical effects like sterile water or a sugar pill. a fake treatment that in some cases can produce a very real result
Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by inactive substance, receiver asummes it’s active
Single-Blind Study
a procedure in which the subjects do not know whether they are in the experiment or control group (while the researchers are aware)
Double-Blind Study
a procedure where both the participants and researchers are ignorant about whether the participants received the treatment or a placebo
Experimenter Bias
when researchers influence the results of an experiment to portray a certain outcome
Social Desirability Bias
cognitive bias where people respond to questioning in ways that make them seem more favorable or appealing to others
Qualitative Research/Measures
refers to a study in which the scientist collects non-numerical data, no right or wrong answers
Structured Interviews
data-gathering method that involves a standard set of questions asked in the same manner and order, usually results in a higher response rate
Quantitative Research/Measures
refers to a study in which the scientists collects more numerical type of data that can be presented in graph form
Likert scales
type of rating scale used to measure attitudes towards a statement or subject (typically a spectrum of responses)
Representation of Participants
refers to how accurately the participants in a study reflect that larger population from which they are drawn
Peer Review
where work and actions are examined and reviewed by a group of individuals that have credentials equivalent to the individual whose work is being reviewed
Replication
repeating essence of a research study, usually with different participants and situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced
Scatterplot
graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents values of 2 variables; slope suggest direction of relationship, amount of scatter suggests strength
Correlation Coefficient
statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1.00 to +1.00)
Effect Sizes
refers to a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables, indicating the magnitude of an observed effect
Statistical Significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Directionality Problem (in correlation)
the situation in which it is known that 2 variables are related although it is not known which is that cause and which is the effect
Third Variable Problem (in correlation)
an observed correlation between 2 variables may be due to the common correlation between each of the variables and a third variable rather than any underlying relationship of the 2 variables with each other
Institutional Review Board
refers to the process where research proposals are evaluated to ensure ethical standards and participant safety are upheld in psychological studies
Informed Consent
giving potential participants enough info about a study to enable them to choose whether or not they wish to participate
Informed Assent
a process through which minors (considered to be a vulnerable population) agree to participate in clinical trials
Protection from Harm
subjects must be kept free from physical and mental harm at all times; psychologists have an ethical responsibility to ensure the safety of participants
Confidentiality
a part of the ethical guidelines of psychologists, means that info between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared with anyone
Deception
refers to misleading or tricking participants about the purpose or direction of the study, results could possibly be influenced if participants know
Debriefing
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Note 
Flashcard (25)