PHONETICS WEEK 1 Reading ch1-3

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the units of meaning and speech in language, as discussed in the lecture.

Morphemes

Units of meaning in a language, such as a root word, a prefix, and a suffix.

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.

Allophones

Different versions of phonemes that do not change the meaning of words.

Speech

A mode of transmission of a language.

Idiolect

The form of speech that distinguishes each individual as unique.

Diacritics

Special marks that help distinguish among allophones.

Open Syllable

A syllable that ends with a vowel.

Speech Community

A group of people who live in the same region and speak the same language.

Morphology

The study of units of meaning in a language.

Allographs

Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme.

Dialect

A particular form of a language peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Lexicon

The list of all morphemes or vocabulary known by a person.

Closed Syllables

Syllables that end with consonants.

Contrasting Units of Sound

Phonemes that can be identified using minimal pairs.

True or False - Everyone speaks a dialect.

true

Hats morphemes count

The word 'hats' contains two morphemes.

Addition

Speech production error in which sound is incorrectly added (before or after) to another sound

EX: “buhlack for black”

Broad transcription

Phonetic transcription that uses phonemes & does not indicate finer variations such as those marked by diacritics

Clinical phonetics

Application of phonetics to describe speech differences and disorders, including info about speech sounds and the perceptual skills used in clinical settings

Deletion

Speech production error in which a sound is omitted from a word (also termed omission)

EX: saying "ca" instead of "cat." “tar for star”

Distortion

Speech production error in which speech sound = recognizable as correct sound but isn’t produced exactly correctly

EX: saying "thun" instead of "sun" or "shlip" instead of "ship."

Five-way scoring

Perceptual system in which speech sounds = classified as typical vs one of four error types: addition, deletion, substitution, or distortion

Linguistic complexity

Context in which a sound to be transcribed is embedded

ranges from sound in isolation to a sound occurring in conversational speech

Narrow (close) transcription

Symbols both to represent the phonemes produced and to describe slight variations in the production of those sounds

Phonetic transcription

A system for visually representing the sounds of speech using symbols, capturing nuances of pronunciation.

Phonetics

Study of the perception of speech sounds

Response complexity

Number of target sounds to be transcribed, which may vary from only one sound to all sounds occurring in a section of speech

Substitution

Speech production error in which speech sound = replaced by another speech sound

EX:"fate" pronounced as "pate".

Target sound

Sound to be described, occurring either in isolation or together with other speech sounds

EX:

Two-way scoring

Perceptual system in which speech sound productions are dichotomized into 2 classes representing typical versus a trypical vs atypical behavior

EX: correct versus incorrect responses.

Articulator

An anatomic structure capable of movements that form the sounds of speech (tongue, jaw, lips, & velopharynx)

Blade of the tongue

Portion of tongue that = located behind the tip & in front of dorsum, blade produces the sh consonant in she

Body of the tongue

Mass or bulk of the tongue

Breath group

Sequence of syllables and/or words produced on a single breath

Dorsum of tongue

Portion of tongue located between the root & the blade, dorsum = part of tongue used to produce the g in go

Egressive

Associated w/ outflowing air; regressive sounds are formed from an outflowing airstream

Fundamental frequency of the voice

Basic rate of vibration of the vocal fold; fundamental frequency = physical correlate of vocal pitch

Hertz

Term that denotes one complete cycle of vibration per second; Hertz, abbreviated Hz, is the unit of frequency measurement used to quantify sound frequency and other periodic events.

Ingressive

Associated w/ inflowing air; ingressive sounds are formed using an inflowing airstream

Intonation

Pattern or melody of pitch changes in an utterance

Laryngeal system

System of speech production identified anatomically w/ larynx & functionally w/ control of phonotation & voicing

Larynx

Voice box of speech, structure made up of cartilage, muscles, & other tissues located within the neck. Located on top of trachea & below the pharynx/ serves to valve the airstream from lungs

Mandible

Lower jaw, bony structure that provides skeletal support for the tongue & lower lip

Nasal cavity

Space bounded anteriorly by nostrils & posteriorly by entrance into pharynx

Nasal radiation of sound

Transmission of sound through the nasal cavity rather than through the oral cavity

Oral radiation of sound

Transmission of sound through the oral cavity rather than through the nasal cavity

Pharyngeal cavity

Space between division of the oral & pharyngeal cavities & the entrance to the larynx