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What are the four major classes of macromolecules?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
What are molecules that all contain carbon?
organic molecules
What are individual subunits within macromolecules?
monomers
What are two monomers that are linked together by a covalent bond?
dimer
What are multiple monomers joined together?
polymer
What is a synthesis reaction that involves the formation of a new compound with the elimination of water molecules?
dehydration synthesis
What is the process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers?
hydrolysis
What are biological molecules that catalyze/speed up chemical reactions?
enzymes
Dehydration reactions form _ bonds and _ energy.
new
require
Hydrolysis reactions _ bonds and _ energy.
break
release
What is broken down by the enzymes amylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase?
carbohydrates
What is broken down by the enzyme lipase?
lipids
What is broken down by the enzymes pepsin and peptidase?
proteins
What is the ratio for carbohydrate?
1:2:1 Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen
Carbohydrates provide energy to the body in the form of __.
glucose
What are the three classes of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
How many carbons do monosaccharides have?
5-6
What is the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain?
aldoses
What is the carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain?
ketosis
What are three carbons?
trioses
What are five carbons?
pentoses
What are six carbons?
hexoses
What are the three structural isomers of a hexose monosaccharide?
glucose
galactose
fructose
What is the main type of sugar in the blood and an important source of energy?
glucose
What is a part of lactose; milk sugar?
galactose
What is a part of sucrose; fruit?
fructose
What are two sugar monomers joined by?
glycosidic bond
What is grain sugar; glucose + galactose?
maltose
What is table sugar; glucose + fructose?
sucrose
What is a long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages?
polysaccharides
What is energy storage in plants?
starch
What is in the cell walls of plants?
cellulose
What is in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods?
chitin
What is energy storage in animals?
glycogen
What are a diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons that are hydrophobic?
lipids
Hydrophobic meaning?
water hating
What are 5 types of lipids?
fats
oils
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
What type of lipid contains glycerol and fatty acids?
fats
What is formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone?
triacylglycerol
What attaches glycerol molecules to a fatty acid; covalent linkage between fats?
ester linkage
What contains no carbon-carbon double bonds and are tightly packed; solid at room temperature?
saturated fatty acids
What contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond; liquids at room temperature?
unsaturated fatty acids
What type of unsaturated fat has one double bond?
monounsaturated fat
What type of unsaturated fat has more than one double bond?
polyunsaturated fat
What are acids with a kink in the chain, not tightly packed, and liquid at room temperature?
cis acids
What are acids with no kink in the chain and can be created through processings?
trans acids
What are fatty acids that are required but not made by the body as they are obtained through food?
essential fatty acids
What are hydrophobic and prevent water from sticking to surfaces?
waxes
What are molecules with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached by a glycerol backbone?
Phospholipid
What is it when a molecule has both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion?
amphiapathic
What part of the phospholipid bilayer faces the aqueous solution?
hydrophilic head
What part of the phospholipid bilayer is in the middle of the bilayer?
hydrophobic tail
What has a closed ring structure with a short tail?
steroids
What is the most abundant organic molecule with a diverse range of functions?
proteins
What are the 5 functions of a protein?
regulatory
structural
protective
transport
catalytic (enzymes)
What type of enzyme breaks down substrates?
catabolic
What type of enzyme builds more complex molecule?
anabolic
What are monomers that make up proteins?
amino acids
What are the 5 fundamental structures within a amino acid?
central carbon atom
amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogen
side chain (r-group)
What is known as the side chain that determines the chemical nature of each amino acid?
r-group
What are amino acids that must be applied through your diet?
essential amino acids
What does the sequence and number of amino acids determine?
protein shape
size
function
What links amino acid monomers; proteins?
peptide bonds
What are chains of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages?
polypeptide
What is a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides with a biological function?
protein
What protein shape is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?
primary structure
What protein shape is the local folding of the polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone?
secondary structure
What protein shape is the unique three dimensional structure of a polypeptide due to chemical interactions between r-groups?
tertiary structure
What protein shape has interactions between several polypeptides that make up a protein?
quaternary structure
What are changes in proteins structure that lead to changes in function?
denaturation
What constitutes the genetic material of living organisms?
nucleic acids
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What 4 places are nucleic acids located?
eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
chloroplasts
prokaryotic cells
What is the entire genetic content found within a cell?
genome
What is the mixture of DNA and histone proteins that forms chromosomes?
chromatin
What are threadlike structures containing tightly wound and packed chromatin?
chromosomes
What are the three types of RNA?
messanger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the monomer that acts as the basic building block of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the three parts of nucleotides?
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
One or more phosphate groups
What are the two types of pentose sugars and where are they each found?
Deoxyribose: found in DNA
Ribose: found in RNA
What is a type of covalent bond that links nucleotide monomers?
phosphodiester linkages
What nitrogenous bases are single ringed and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil?
pyrimidines
What nitrogenous bases are double ringed and contain adenine and guanine?
purine
What are the base pairing rules?
Thymine → Adenine
Guanine ↔ Cytosine
Adenine → Uracil (RNA)
Note 
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