Foundations of Nursing: Developmental and Interpersonal Theories

Question-and-Answer flashcards covering Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory, Erikson, Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg, including key stages, concepts, and critiques.

Who is considered the Father of Interpersonal Psychiatry?

Harry Stack-Sullivan.

According to Sullivan, what is the overall purpose of all behavior?

To get needs met through interpersonal interactions and to avoid or decrease anxiety.

Sullivan – What age range defines the Infancy stage and what is its developmental task?

Birth to 18 months; gratification of needs.

Sullivan – During what ages does the Childhood stage occur and what is learned?

18 months to 6 years; delayed gratification.

Sullivan – At what ages is the Juvenile Era and what major milestone occurs?

6–9 years; formation of a peer group.

Sullivan – What developmental task characterizes the Pre-adolescence stage (9–12 yrs)?

Development of relationships with the same gender.

Sullivan – What is the main focus of Early Adolescence (12–14 yrs)?

Development of an identity.

Sullivan – What is achieved during Late Adolescence (14–21 yrs)?

Formation of lasting, intimate relationships.

Name Sullivan’s three types of the self.

The Good Me, The Bad Me, and the Not Me (unknown component).

Which two psychiatric disorders were the initial focus of Interpersonal Psychotherapy derived from Sullivan’s theory?

Depression and schizophrenia.

How does Erikson’s theory view human development?

As eight psychosocial stages, each involving a conflict that must be resolved for healthy adjustment.

Freud – What is the focus of the Oral stage and its age span?

Pleasure centered on mouth/oral activities; Birth–1 year.

Freud – What potential adult fixation can result from unresolved Oral stage issues?

Latent aggressive or passive oral tendencies (e.g., smoking, overeating).

Freud – At what ages does the Anal stage occur and what major task dominates it?

1–3 years; toilet training with focus on bowel/bladder control.

Freud – Name two possible fixation outcomes of the Anal stage.

Anal retentiveness (orderliness) or anal expulsiveness (disorganization).

Freud – The Phallic stage spans which ages and introduces what complex?

3–6 years; Oedipus or Electra complex toward opposite-sex parent.

Freud – Which stage has no specific erogenous zone and emphasizes school & peers?

Latency stage (6–12 years).

Freud – What characterizes successful completion of the Genital stage (13–18 yrs)?

Ability to form mature, consensual, lasting relationships.

Identify Freud’s three structures of personality.

Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle), Superego (conscience).

Piaget – What major cognitive ability emerges during the Sensorimotor stage?

Development of action patterns and object interaction (Birth–2 yrs).

Piaget – In which stage do children think symbolically but remain egocentric?

Preoperational stage (2–7 yrs).

Piaget – Parallel play is typical of which Piagetian stage?

Preoperational stage.

Piaget – What new capacity marks the Concrete Operational stage (7–11 yrs)?

Ability to perform logical mental operations (e.g., conservation).

Piaget – Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking begin in which stage?

Formal Operational stage (11 yrs–adulthood).

Kohlberg – What is the defining feature of Level 1 (Preconventional) morality?

Morality is externally controlled; focus on punishment and self-interest.

Kohlberg – Stage 1 is called what, and what drives behavior?

Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation; desire to avoid punishment.

Kohlberg – Describe Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation.

"What’s in it for me?" Right action serves one’s own interests, with limited regard for others.

Kohlberg – How does Level 2 (Conventional) differ from Level 1?

Morality centers on maintaining relationships and social order rather than personal consequences.

Kohlberg – What characterizes Stage 3 (Good Boy/Nice Girl)?

Seeking approval by being "nice" and conforming to expectations.

Kohlberg – Stage 4 is known as what, and why are rules obeyed?

Law-and-Order Orientation; rules are followed to maintain societal order.

Kohlberg – What shift occurs at Level 3 (Postconventional) morality?

Morality is based on abstract principles; individuals may challenge unjust laws.

Kohlberg – Stage 5 is called what, and how are laws viewed?

Social-Contract Orientation; laws are social contracts changeable for the common good.

Kohlberg – Explain Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation.

Actions are guided by self-chosen, universal principles of justice even if they conflict with laws.

Which researcher notably criticized Kohlberg for gender bias?

Carol Gilligan.

What cultural criticism is directed at Kohlberg’s highest stages?

They reflect Western individualistic ideals and may not fit non-Western collectivist cultures.

People often reason at a lower moral stage in certain real-life dilemmas, illustrating which criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

Inconsistency in moral judgment across situations.

According to Freud, which personality structure operates on the pleasure principle?

The Id.

Within Sullivan’s theory, which stage involves forming relationships with same-gender peers?

Pre-adolescence (9–12 years).

What does Erikson’s theory assert must happen at each psychosocial stage?

A specific conflict must be resolved successfully for healthy development.

During which Piagetian stage can a child understand conservation of volume?

Concrete Operational (7–11 yrs).

Using Kohlberg’s terminology, what motivates behavior in Stage 4?

Duty to uphold laws and maintain social order.

Freud – Failure to resolve which stage may lead to difficulty forming adult relationships?

Latency stage (6–12 yrs) or Genital stage (13–18 yrs) depending on context; dysfunction in either can impede later relationships.

Which developmental theory serves as a basis for Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)?

Harry Stack-Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory.