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Henry Ward Beecher
Minister who worked against slavery during the Kansas Border War and promoted civil service reform.
Salvation Army
A welfare organization that originated from England in 1880, providing food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while promoting temperance and morality.
Booker T. Washington
A prominent African American leader who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills; head of the Tuskegee Institute and author of 'Up from Slavery'.
W.E.B. DuBois
Opposed Booker T. Washington and advocated for social and political integration along with higher education for the 'Talented Tenth' of African Americans; founder of the Niagara Movement.
Crazy Horse
Sioux chief who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and played a key role in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn.
J.M. Chivington
Colonel whose troops carried out the Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado in 1864.
Sitting Bull
American Indian chief and political leader of the Sioux at the time of the Custer massacre.
Chief Joseph
Leader of the Nez Perce who fled to Canada but was ultimately forced back to reservations by U.S. troops.
Plessy v. Ferguson
A 1896 Supreme Court case that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legalizing state-ordered segregation.
Helen Hunt Jackson
Author of 'A Century of Dishonor', which exposed the U.S. government's broken promises to Native Americans.
Frederick Jackson Turner
American historian known for his essay arguing that American success was tied to westward expansion.
John D. Rockefeller
American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry and modern philanthropy.
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-born American industrialist who founded Carnegie Steel Company, dominating the steel industry by 1901.
Victorian society (1837-1901)
Named after Queen Victoria, characterized by a high standard of conduct, morality, and social reform efforts.
William M. Tweed
Disgraced American politician convicted of stealing millions from New York City, head of Tammany Hall.
Thomas Nast
Famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist known for exposing political corruption in the 19th century.
Samuel Gompers
Founder of the American Federation of Labor, creating a unified union for skilled workers.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by Custer; significant event in Native American resistance.
United States v. E.C. Knight Company
Court case where the government lost to E.C. Knight Co. regarding Sherman Antitrust violations.
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action against monopolies, signed into law to regulate trusts, initially misused against labor unions.
Jane Addams
Founder of the Settlement House Movement and first American woman to earn the Nobel Peace Prize.
Monopoly
The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.
Populism
Political doctrine supporting the rights and powers of common people against the privileged elite.
Discontent
A longing for something better than the present situation.
Manifesto
A written statement publicly declaring the intentions or views of its issuer.
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher who applied natural selection to societies and coined 'Survival of the Fittest'.
Eugene V. Debs
Head of the American Railway Union and a Socialist leader imprisoned for his role in the Pullman strike.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, supported by the Populist Party for his advocacy of free silver.
Half-Breeds
Moderate Republican faction in the 1870s that favored civil service reform.
Stalwarts
Republicans in the 1870s supporting machine politics and the spoils system, opposed by Half-Breeds.
William James
Philosopher who founded functionalism, focusing on how perception aids human functioning in the environment.
Frederick Law Olmsted
Designer of Central Park, advocating for urban spaces that incorporated natural beauty.
John Muir
Naturalist and advocate for wilderness preservation, crucial in the establishment of Yosemite National Park.
Mark Twain
Pseudonym of Samuel L. Clemens, an influential American writer known for 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'.
Lyceum
Aristotle's school of philosophy and science, located in a grove outside of Athens, dedicated to Apollo.
Victoria Woodhull
Radical feminist who criticized conventional morality in the 1870s.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Founded by leading suffragists to organize the women's suffrage movement, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Stephen Crane
Author of 'The Red Badge of Courage', known for his themes of idealism vs. reality and spiritual crisis.
Susan B. Anthony
Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights and played a key role in the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Lester Frank Ward
Sociologist who argued civilization is shaped by human intelligence, advocating for active government planning.
Thorstein Veblen
Writer who critiqued the wealthy class in 'The Theory of the Leisure Class'.
Theodore Dreiser
Naturalist author of 'The Financier' and 'The Titan', highlighting the plight of the urban poor.
Edward Bellamy
Wrote 'Looking Backward', predicting a socialist future in America.
Mary Cassatt
American painter known for her sensitive portrayals, making her one of the prominent Impressionists.
Texas v. White
Supreme Court case that ruled Texas had never seceded, thus still a state and not subject to reconstruction.
