Untitled Flashcards Set

Henry Ward Beecher:

Minister who worked against slavery in Kansas Border War, promoted civil service reform.

Salvation Army:

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Booker T. Washington:

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Author of book "Up from Slavery."

W.E.B. DuBois:

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Crazy HorseZ:

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

J.M. Chivington:

Colonel whose troops massacred Indians at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864.

Sitting Bull:

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Chief Joseph:

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Plessy v. Ferguson:

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. The "separate but equal" doctrine.

Helen Hunt Jackson:

Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

Frederick Jackson Turner:

American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

John D. Rockefeller:

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Andrew Carnegie:

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Victorian society (1837-1901):

Named after British Queen Victoria; high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society. The emphasis on morality gave impetus to social reform but also placed restrictions on certain groups' liberty.

William M. Tweed:

a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption and died in jail. He was head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York.

Thomas Nast:

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Samuel Gompers:

the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Battle of Little Bighorn:

1876 Sioux victory led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse over army troops led by George Custer

United States v. E.C. Knight Company:

a case where the government sued E.C Knight Co. due a violation in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act since E.C. controlled 98% of the sugar refinement industry. The court ruled in favor of E.C. Knight, stating that manufacturing was not subject to the act. This made regulation more difficult.

Sherman Antitrust Act:

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Jane Addams:

Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Monopoly:

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Populism:

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Discontent:

a longing for something better than the present situation

Mainfesto:

a written statement publicly declaring the intentions, motives, or views of its issue

Herbert Spencer:

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903). He invented the term "Survival of the Fittest", implying those who were most "fit" or with the most achievements would survive the social world due to some biological mechanism or natural force that made them superior. This ideology justified the wealthy's position in American industrial society and gave the government a reason to not intervene in business .

Eugene V. Debs:

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

William Jennings Bryan:

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Half-Breeds:

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81, a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South.

Stalwarts:

Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant, Grover Cleveland. and Roscoe Conkling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform.

William James:

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Frederick Law Olmsted:

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

John Muir:

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Mark Twain:

Born Samuel L. Clemens; an American writer and humorist best known for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); dubbed "The Father of American Literature" by William Faulkner. His pseudonym derives from his steamboating days, when the measure of the depth of the water was expressed with a crewman's cry "mark twain!," meaning "two fathoms".

Lyceum:

Aristotle's school of philosophy and science, named after its location, a grove just outside Athens dedicated to the god Apollo Lyceus.

Victoria Woodhull:

Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s

National American Woman Suffrage Association:

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Stephen Crane:

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

Susan B. Anthony:

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Lester Frank Ward:

sociologist who wrote Dynamic Sociology in 1883 and other books , in which he argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society as it wished, and he believed that an active government engaged in positive planning, which was societies best hope.

Thornstein Veblen:

writer who assailed the new rich in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1889), a savage attack on "predatory wealth"; the parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful business rather than productive industry

Theodore Dreiser:

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Edward Bellamy:

Wrote Looking Backward; said that capitalism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Mary Cassatt:

American painter whose sensitive portrayals made her one of the prominent new impressionists

Texas v. White:

1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.