POL210 Final 2022 Prof Melkonian

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GENERAL

Liberalism (1)

- A worldview that prizes the individual and champions the individual's rights, freedoms, and autonomy.

Authoritarianism (4)

- A system of government where power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or ruling elite.
- A form of government whereby the citizens are forced to obey the governing bodies at the expense of personal freedoms.
- Governing bodies are generally above the law.
- Growing trend through strongman politics

Totalitarianism (2)

- A form of government whereby the governing bodies exercise control over all parts of life (economic, political, social, religious).
- Absolute dictatorship.

Populism (1)

- A political approach that appeals to the general public who feel that their concerns are disregarded by the ruling elite.

Internationalism (3)

- A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity
- Often supportive of multilateral organizations
- Based largely a liberalist thinking.

Nationalism (2)

- A political approach that emphasizes the sovereignty of the state above individual concerns.
- Tends to have a unifying effect.

RUSSIA

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Russian Institutions (5)

- Strong/powerful leader of the single party system
- Duma: lower house of Russian legislature
- The federation council: upper house of Russian legislature
- Oligarchs
- Elite guards

Russian Identities (4)

- Authoritarianism
- Marxist-Leninism theology
- Orthodox Christianity
- Language and ethnic homogony (77% Russian)

Russian Interests (3)

- Gas/Oil prices
- Ukraine war
- Corruption

Russian International Relations (3)

- Ukraine war
- Tensions with the West
- Closer relations with China

Czars/imperial rule (2)

- Overthrown after 1905 Russo-Japanese War defeats
- Last Czar: Nicholas II

Russian Revolution of 1917 (3)

- The Bolshevik Revolution
- Led by Vladimir Lenin
- A largely bloodless, but forceful overthrow of the provisional government set up after the abdication of the last czar.

Marxist-Leninism (3) (serves as an identity)

- Similarity to Marxism: sees main driving force behind history as class differences
- Localizes the revolution (it no longer has to be the workers of the world)
- Can be lead by professional revolutionaries (rather than just oppressed workers)

Vladimir Lenin (4)

- Led the USSR between 1917-1924
- Led Bolshevik Revolution
- Founded USSR in 1922
- Implemented Marxist-Leninist ideology

Vanguard Party

- Vladimir Lenin's concept of a small party
- Claims legitimacy to rule based on understanding of Marxist theory
- Ability to represent the interests of the proletariat before they are a majority of the populace

Democratic Centralism

- The Leninist organizational structure which concentrates power in the hands of the party elite.
- After a decision is made (via democratic or semi-democratic means) no further arguments can come from the party.

Joseph Stalin (6)

- 1924-1953
- Economic reforms
- Collectivized agriculture and heavy nationalization
- Emphasis on "re-education camps"
- Strict political and social oppression
- Began ideological clash with U.S in what became the Cold War

Gulags (2)

- 20M sent to gulags under Stalin
- Labor camps

Command economy (1)

- An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

The Great Terror (2)

- (1936-1938)
- The systematic murder of nearly a million people and the deportation of another million and a half to labor camps by Stalin's regime in an attempt to consolidate power and remove perceived enemies.

USSR Politburo

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KGB (2)

- Soviet secret police agency charged with domestic and foreign intelligence
- Putin was a former KGB intelligence officer

Cold War (3)

~1946-1991
- The US was building more alliances and gaining capitalist support, whereas the USSR wanted to expand communism
- Deterrent war (United States and Russia both had the means for destruction and the will to fight, as well as sufficient threats to cause the other to back down)
WIP

Nikita Khrushchev (5)

- Premier of the Russian Union from 1953 to 1964
- Challenged Stalinism
WIP
- Small thaw in terms of political oppression
- Cuban missile crisis
- Deposed quietly by powerful political opponents

Leonid Brezhnev (5)

- 1964 to 1982
- Ended Khruschev's reign
- Sought many military interventions to sustain communism
- Brezhnev Doctrine: a threat to one soviet republic constituted a threat to everyone
- Meant that Russia needed to safeguard the entire USSR with its troops, US-USSR Arms race, successful because of 2 inconsequential leaders, Andropov and Chernenko

Mikhail Gorbachev (5)

- 1985 to 1991
- Small business opportunities and decentralization of economic structure
- Let some USSR countries go their own way
- More competition in the party
- Arguably led the collapse of the Soviet Union in '91

Perestroika (2)

- Economic reforms to make USSR more efficient
WIP: double-check the point below
- These economic and market reforms collapsed the USSR in 1991

Glasnost (2)

- Relaxation of censorship
- Social and political liberalization

New Thinking

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Democratization

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Boris Yeltsin (3)

- 1991 to 1999
- First Russian president
- He helped introduce market economic policies to Russia
WIP

Shock Therapy

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Russian Federation

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State Duma, Federation Council (2)

- 450-seater that proposes legislation, exercises oversight on bureaucracy
- 178-seater with little power, representing local interests, approving certain bills and Duma legislation

Vladimir Putin (6)

- President: 2000-2008, 2012-present. PM: 2008-2012
- Despot and former high-ranking KGB intelligence officer
- Launched economic reforms to increase popularity and restore Russian Empire power
- Eclipsing the power of the Oligarchs
- Move back towards authoritarianism
- Tensions with NATO/West

Chechnya (1)

- Tense relationship with Russia and loss to Russia under Putin rule
WIP: what else???

Russian Oligarchs (1)

- Businessmen who acquired tremendous wealth during privatization in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
- Power under the Russian Federation, starting under Yeltsin

Dmitry Medvedev (4)

- 2008 to 2012 president, 2012 to 2020 PM
- Putin's campaign manager in 2000
- He is known for directing the modernization of Russia's economy
- And industry

United Russia Party (1)

-The most influential conservative group-Formed in order to mobilize pro-tsarist sentiment.
WIP

Russian Communist Party (2)

- Bolshevik became the RCP in 1918 ( Marxists)
- Believes their revolution showed the interest of the working class

the peasants
WIP

Limits on opposition parties, NGOs, media, non-Orthodox religion, human rights groups

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Alexei Navalny

One of the chief leaders of Russian opposition. He has led anti-government demonstrations, advocated for reforms, and run for office. He has little to no power, but his presence is symbolic of some freedoms still remaining in Russia.

Neo-czarism

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Energy sector reliance

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Russian-Ukrainian War

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Economic slide

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Putin's Successors

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MEXICO

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Benito Juarez (2)

- 1858 - 1872 president
- Liberal agenda and War of Reform
WIP

Mexican-American War

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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

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Porfirio Díaz/Porfiriato (3)

- Governed from 1876 - 1911
- President for seven terms
- Porfirismo: modernization without democracy
WIP

Frances Madero

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Francisco "Pancho" Villa

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Emiliano Zapata

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Mexican Revolution (4)

- 1910-1920
- Focused on eliminating dictatorship
- Citizens were forced off their land and into lots of poverty
- After Diaz was assassinated, this allowed citizens more rights and involvement in politics

Constitution of 1917 (5)

- Consolidation of power
- Less religious power
- The military fell under the civilians
- Term limits (ended in 2018)- Federalism

PRI (4)

- "Institutional Revolutionary Party"
- Uninterrupted hegemonic party rule from 1929 to 2000
- Perfect dictatorship
- Centralization of power

PAN (2)

- National Action Party
- Pro-business and pro-church
WIP

Lázaro Cárdenas

- PRI centraalized its power through Cardenas' presidencialismo
WIP

Corporatism

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PEMEX (2)

- Founded in 1938
- Petroleum company owned/managed by Mexican government
WIP

Dedazo

- "Finger"
- The appointment of PRI candidate for the presidency as one's own successor

Hegemonic party rule

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ISI (Import Substitution Industrialization)

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Tlatelolco Massacre

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Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas

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PRD (4)

- Democratic Revolutionary Party
- Center left
- Progressive
- Populist
WIP: anything else?

Carlos Salinas, Salinastroika

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NAFTA, USMCA (3)

- Trade agreement
- Provided an opportunity to enhance their economy/increase development
- Creating jobs and bringing Mexico "on the map" (Mexico wanted to be a major part in the world trade)

EZLN (Zapatistas)

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Electoral and political reforms (of the 1980s and 1990s)

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Ernesto Zedillo

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Tecnicos

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Vicente Fox (7 short points)

- 2000-2006
- PAN
- Ended the PRI's reign
- Pushed to end official corruption
- Pushed to reduce poverty
- Pushed to spur economic growth;
- Tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives

Immigration

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Enrique Peña Nieto

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Felipe Calderón (5)

- 2006-2012
- PAN
- Aimed to gain popular legitimacy
- Went to war against drug cartels
- Under him, 60K people died in the drug war. as the murder rate skyrocketed

Remittances

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CCTs (Conditional Cash Transfers)

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Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador/AMLO (MORENA)

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Hugs, not Bullets

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Rule of law (drug cartels and drug war)

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Narcopeace

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Narcodefensas

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National Guard

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CHINA

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Confucianism

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Sun Yat-sen (3)

- 1912-1916
- Limited Democracy
- Post-Empire/Pre-Communism
WIP

Chinese Liberalism

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Kuomintang (KMT)

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Chiang Kai-shek (2)

- 1928-1949
- Provided authoritarian, anti-communist regime until Communists pushed him to Taiwan
WIP

Chinese Nationalism

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Taiwan, ROC

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Chinese Authoritarianism

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Chinese Communist Party (3)

- Main Chinese Party
- Has a paramount leader (currently Xi)
WIP

Mao Zedong (7, 3 of which are accomplisments)

- President from 1954-1959
- Founder of the CCP
- Overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists
- Ruled in a heavy-handed, authoritarian/totalitarian manner
- Led the Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956-1957)
- Led the Communist against Japan in a 1945 victory
- Maoist campaigns solidified the revolution