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Temporal Lobe
Auditory Areas and assists with memory, contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke's Area
Occipital Lobe
Receives information from the visual fields and organizes and processes the information, contains the visual cortex
Parietal Lobe
Spatial reasoning, receives sensory input for touch sensations like pain, pressure and temperature, and body positions, contains the somatosensory cortex and the angular gyrus
Angular Gyrus
Visual representation into auditory code(Reading)
Somatosensory Cortex
Information from the skin & involuntary movement
Brain Stem
A region of the brain that contains the most instinctual and basic functions
Cerebellum
Rear of brain stem, processes sensory input for coordination and balance, nonverbal learning and memory
Primary Motor Cortex
Muscle, fine, voluntary movement, broken into sections for different body parts
Frontal Lobe
Decision making and executive functions, personality and abstract thoughts, contains the prefrontal cortex, the primary motor cortex, and Broca’s area
Prefrontal Cortex
Motion control, higher cognitive function, decision-making
Broca’s Area
Controls speech muscles, part of the motor cortex
Wernicke’s Area
Responsible for language comprehension
Cerebral Cortex
The connected fabric covering the cerebral hemispheres
Medulla
Breathing, heartbeat, blinking, base of the brain stem
Corpus Callosum
Connects the left and right hemispheres (communication)
Pituitary Gland
Hormone control, controls all endocrine glands
Pons
Sleep, unconscious movement
Pineal Gland
Melationin production and sleep regulation
Reticular Formation
Arousal, selective attention, filters incoming stimuli
Limbic System
The “Lizard Brain“, memories and emotions, contains the Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Fear and aggression, (fight or flight), facial recgonition
Hippocampus
Memories, moving short term to long term, episodic memories (story oriented)
Thalamus
Relay station for information, sends signals to right part of the name
Hypothalamus
Hunger, thirst, sex, helps govern the Pituitary Gland, emotions and rewards system
Glial cells
Worker bee cells, clean up
Nerve Cells
Queen bee cells, make the decisions
Myelin Sheath
Increase signal speed
Schwann Cells
Produce Myelin Sheath
Dendrite
Receives signals
Axon
Signal pathway
Axon Terminal
Transmits signals
Dopamine
Reward pathway, voluntary movement, influences sleeping
Serotonin
Mood, sleep, hunger
Norepinephrine
Alertness and arousal (vigilance), with epinephrine during SNS response
Gultamate
Learning and memory, wildly distributed excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA
Sleep, calm, slowdown, inhibitory neurotransmitter
Endorphins
Reduce pain
Substance P
In the brain and spinal cord, transmit pain signals
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Muscle actions & attention (in learnin)
Endocrine System
The system in the body that controls hormones, chemical communication system
Leptin
Inhibts hunger when it doesn't need energy
Melatonin
Regulation of circadian rhythm, pineal response to light
Ghrelin
Triggers hunger, growth hormones, insulin release, protects cardio vascular health
Cortisol
Maintain homeostasis → stress hormone
Adrenilin
Prepare body for emergencies → Flight or fight response
Prozac
SSRI - inhibits serotonin reuptake
Ritalin
Stimulant - Increases the amount of the dopamine in the brain, used to treat ADHD
Caffine
Stimulant - Blocks adenosine that makes you sleepy, indirectly affects other neurostransmitters
Cocaine
Stimulant - Blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, creates a crash afterwards
Alcohol
Depressant - Increased GABA, decreased Glutamate, Increased Dopamine
Marijuana
Depressant and Stimulant and Halluciegen
Opioids
Depressant - Heroin, narcotics, pleasure and lethargy, eventually stops the brain from producing endorphins
Heroin
Depressant - Mimics natural opiates, allowing for uninhibited dopamine release causing immediate feelings of happiness
Hallucinogen
Evoke sensory images and distort perceptions
Agonist
Molecules that act like a neurotransmitter to open a receptor site
Antagonist
A chemical or drug that binds receptors in the brain and prevents a neurotransmitter/hormone from having an effect on behavior
Awake/Alert
Beta waves
Awake/Relaxed
Alpha waves
NREM-1
Theta Waves - Transition between awake and asleep, hypnagogic sensations
NREM-2
Theta waves - loose muscles, half of all sleep, eye res, sleep spindles
NREM-3 & 4
Delta waves - Deepest Sleep
REM
Rapid Eye Movement - dreaming, brain is electrically active, cycle reverses, vital signs rise
Restorative Theory
Dreams replenish body systems, sort memory
Adaptive Theory
Dreams keep us out of trouble
Conserving Theory
Dreams/Sleeping saves energy
Activating Synthesis Model
The Limbic system is randomly firing and dreams are the brain trying to make sense of it
Memory Consolidation - (Theory)
Dreams help sort out the day’s events and consolidate memories
Insomnia
Recurring problems falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep
Sleep Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakening
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Physically acting out dreams due to not being immobilized during REM sleep
Somnambulism
“Sleepwalking” - More beign than REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, typically just wandering
Circadian Rhythm
The biological clock that regulates mood, temperature, and arousal through a 24-hour cycle
Heredity
Th genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
Natural Selection
Successful inherited traits that allow an organism to survive will reproduce more, passing on their successful trait
Eugenics
A 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and then selecting who to reproduce based off those results
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Nature
Traits are inherited
Nurture
Traits are learned from the enviornment
Nervous System
The connection between the brain and ALL parts and functions in the body
Central Nervous System
Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Contains the Autonomic & Somatic Nervous Systems, gathers and transmits information to the body
Autonomic Nervous System
Self regulated actions of internal organs and glands
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Sympathetic Nervous System
Starts motivations, fear response, physical exercise response
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The calm system for regular everyday actions
Hormones
Chemical messenger that are manufactured by the Endocrine glands, travel through the blood stream, affect other tissues
Neuroplasticity
The brain’s about to change, build, and reorganize after damage or new experiences, more common in younger people
Neurogenesis
Creation of more neurons, only happens in embryos