AP Psych Unit 1

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90 Terms

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Temporal Lobe

Auditory Areas and assists with memory, contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke's Area

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Occipital Lobe

Receives information from the visual fields and organizes and processes the information, contains the visual cortex

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Parietal Lobe

Spatial reasoning, receives sensory input for touch sensations like pain, pressure and temperature, and body positions, contains the somatosensory cortex and the angular gyrus

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Angular Gyrus

Visual representation into auditory code(Reading)

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Somatosensory Cortex

Information from the skin & involuntary movement

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Brain Stem

A region of the brain that contains the most instinctual and basic functions

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Cerebellum

Rear of brain stem, processes sensory input for coordination and balance, nonverbal learning and memory

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Primary Motor Cortex

Muscle, fine, voluntary movement, broken into sections for different body parts

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Frontal Lobe

Decision making and executive functions, personality and abstract thoughts, contains the prefrontal cortex, the primary motor cortex, and Broca’s area

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Prefrontal Cortex

Motion control, higher cognitive function, decision-making

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Broca’s Area

Controls speech muscles, part of the motor cortex

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Wernicke’s Area

Responsible for language comprehension

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Cerebral Cortex

The connected fabric covering the cerebral hemispheres

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Medulla

Breathing, heartbeat, blinking, base of the brain stem

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Corpus Callosum

Connects the left and right hemispheres (communication)

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Pituitary Gland

Hormone control, controls all endocrine glands

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Pons

Sleep, unconscious movement

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Pineal Gland

Melationin production and sleep regulation

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Reticular Formation

Arousal, selective attention, filters incoming stimuli

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Limbic System

The “Lizard Brain“, memories and emotions, contains the Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus

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Amygdala

Fear and aggression, (fight or flight), facial recgonition

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Hippocampus

Memories, moving short term to long term, episodic memories (story oriented)

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Thalamus

Relay station for information, sends signals to right part of the name

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Hypothalamus

Hunger, thirst, sex, helps govern the Pituitary Gland, emotions and rewards system

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Glial cells

Worker bee cells, clean up

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Nerve Cells

Queen bee cells, make the decisions 

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Myelin Sheath

Increase signal speed

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Schwann Cells

Produce Myelin Sheath

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Dendrite

Receives signals

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Axon

Signal pathway

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Axon Terminal

Transmits signals

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Dopamine

Reward pathway, voluntary movement, influences sleeping

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Serotonin

Mood, sleep, hunger

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Norepinephrine

Alertness and arousal (vigilance), with epinephrine during SNS response

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Gultamate

Learning and memory, wildly distributed excitatory neurotransmitter

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GABA

Sleep, calm, slowdown, inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Endorphins

Reduce pain

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Substance P

In the brain and spinal cord, transmit pain signals

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Acetylcholine (Ach)

Muscle actions & attention (in learnin)

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Endocrine System

The system in the body that controls hormones, chemical communication system

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Leptin

Inhibts hunger when it doesn't need energy

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Melatonin

Regulation of circadian rhythm, pineal response to light

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Ghrelin

Triggers hunger, growth hormones, insulin release, protects cardio vascular health

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Cortisol

Maintain homeostasis → stress hormone

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Adrenilin

Prepare body for emergencies → Flight or fight response

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Prozac

SSRI - inhibits serotonin reuptake

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Ritalin

Stimulant - Increases the amount of the dopamine in the brain, used to treat ADHD

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Caffine

Stimulant - Blocks adenosine that makes you sleepy, indirectly affects other neurostransmitters

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Cocaine

Stimulant - Blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, creates a crash afterwards

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Alcohol

Depressant - Increased GABA, decreased Glutamate, Increased Dopamine

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Marijuana

Depressant and Stimulant and Halluciegen

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Opioids

Depressant - Heroin, narcotics, pleasure and lethargy, eventually stops the brain from producing endorphins

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Heroin

Depressant - Mimics natural opiates, allowing for uninhibited dopamine release causing immediate feelings of happiness

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Hallucinogen

Evoke sensory images and distort perceptions

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Agonist

Molecules that act like a neurotransmitter to open a receptor site

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Antagonist

A chemical or drug that binds receptors in the brain and prevents a neurotransmitter/hormone from having an effect on behavior

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Awake/Alert

Beta waves

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Awake/Relaxed

Alpha waves

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NREM-1

Theta Waves - Transition between awake and asleep, hypnagogic sensations

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NREM-2

Theta waves - loose muscles, half of all sleep, eye res, sleep spindles

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NREM-3 & 4

Delta waves - Deepest Sleep

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REM

Rapid Eye Movement - dreaming, brain is electrically active, cycle reverses, vital signs rise

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Restorative Theory

Dreams replenish body systems, sort memory

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Adaptive Theory

Dreams keep us out of trouble

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Conserving Theory

Dreams/Sleeping saves energy

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Activating Synthesis Model

The Limbic system is randomly firing and dreams are the brain trying to make sense of it

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Memory Consolidation - (Theory)

Dreams help sort out the day’s events and consolidate memories

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Insomnia

Recurring problems falling or staying asleep

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Narcolepsy

Uncontrollable sleep attacks, sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep

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Sleep Apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakening 

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Physically acting out dreams due to not being immobilized during REM sleep

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Somnambulism

“Sleepwalking” - More beign than REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, typically just wandering

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Circadian Rhythm

The biological clock that regulates mood, temperature, and arousal through a 24-hour cycle

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Heredity

Th genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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Evolutionary Psychology

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

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Natural Selection

Successful inherited traits that allow an organism to survive will reproduce more, passing on their successful trait

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Eugenics

A 19th century movement that proposed measuring human traits and then selecting who to reproduce based off those results

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Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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Nature

Traits are inherited

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Nurture

Traits are learned from the enviornment

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Nervous System

The connection between the brain and ALL parts and functions in the body

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Central Nervous System

Brain & Spinal Cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Contains the Autonomic & Somatic Nervous Systems, gathers and transmits information to the body

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Autonomic Nervous System

Self regulated actions of internal organs and glands

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Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Starts motivations, fear response, physical exercise response

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Parasympathetic Nervous System 

The calm system for regular everyday actions

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Hormones

Chemical messenger that are manufactured by the Endocrine glands, travel through the blood stream, affect other tissues

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Neuroplasticity

The brain’s about to change, build, and reorganize after damage or new experiences, more common in younger people

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Neurogenesis

Creation of more neurons, only happens in embryos