Mitosis & Meiosis

Ribosome

________- serve as site where genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into proteins.

Separase

________- enzymes that degrades cohesin.

Chromosomes

________- what chromatin fibers condense into.

Telophase

________- 2 complete sets of chromosomes are present, one set at each pole.

Reticulocytes

________- shed their nuclei and replenish the supply of red blood cells in vertebrates.

Kinetochore

________- plates of proteins where spindle fibers bind.

Cyclins

________- molecules that control conjunction with proteins, bind to kinases.

Metaphase

________ 1- chromosomes are shortened and thickened.

Tubulin

________- protein polymers, what microtubules are made of.

Terminalization

________- chiasmata shift towards the chromosome ends.

Electron microscope

________- allowed cells to be seen in highly organized structures (form and function)

Spermatogenesis

________- productions of male gamete,

Mitotic activity

________- basis for wound healing and cell replacement.

Centrosomes

________- responsible for organizing microtubules into the spindle fibers.

Mitochondria

________- oxidative phases of cell respiration, generate ATP.

Receptor molecules

________- recognition sites, transfer chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell.

CDC

________ mutations- mutation that exert an effect at one or another stage of the cell cycle.

Chiasma

________- chromatids are intertwined, crossing over.

Centrioles

________- located in centrosome, organizes spindle fibers.

Oogenesis

________- production of a female gamete.

Shugoshin

________- protein family "guardian spirit "protects cohesin from being degraded.

Cyclin

________- dependent kinases- phosphorylate target proteins that regulate the progress of the ________.

ER

________ (endoplasmic reticulum)- compartmentalizes the cytoplasm, increasing the surface area for biochemical synthesis.

Dyad

________- half of a tetrad.

Bivalent

________- synapsed pair of homologs.

Haploid

________ gametes must contain precisely one member of each homologous pair of chromosome for genetic continuity.

Sister chromatids

________ are pulled towards opposite poles.

portions of DNA

NOR (nucleolus organizer region)- ________ that encode rRNA.

Middle Lamella

________- cell plate laid down during telophase.

Interphase

________- the initial stage of the cell cycle, replication of DNA.

Plasma

________ membrane- outer covering that defines cell boundaries and delimits cell from external environment.

Meiosis

________- production of sex cells (gametes)

Synapsis

________- pairing up of homologous chromosomes.

cohesin

The ________ is cleaved by separase.

Spermatocyte

________- male gametocyte, sperm.

Glycocalyx

________- cell coat, provides biochemical identity, cell- identity markers.

Kinases

________- enzyme products of many of the mutated genes, can add phosphates to other proteins.

meiotic event

Crossing over- ________ resulting in genetic exchange between members of each homologous pair thus genetic variation.

Cytokinesis

________- cytoplasmic division.

Anaphase

________- chromosome distribution, shortest stage of mitosis.

Prophase

________- cell phase migrating 2 pairs of centrioles.

Diakinesis

________- separation.

Prometaphase & Metaphase

________- migration of every chromosome.

Prometaphase

________- chromosome movement.

Chromosomes

________- vehicles for transmitting genetic information.

Mitochondria

________ and chloroplasts- contain their own unique genetic information.

Metaphase

________- chromosome configuration.

Cohesin

________- multi- subunit protein complex holding sister chromatids together, formed during s phase.

Chromosomes

vehicles for transmitting genetic information

Mitosis

somatic cells

Meiosis

production of sex cells (gametes)

1940

year when transmission electron microscope was developed

Electron microscope

allowed cells to be seen in highly organized structures (form and function)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

contain their own unique genetic information

Plasma membrane

outer covering that defines cell boundaries and delimits cell from external environment

Cellulose

polysaccharide, what the cell wall is made of

Glycocalyx

cell coat, provides biochemical identity, cell-identity markers

Receptor molecules

recognition sites, transfer chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell

Animal Cells

plasma membrane, glycocalyx

Plants cells

cell wall

Chromosomes

what chromatin fibers condense into

rRNA

ribosomal assembly

NOR (nucleolus organizer region)

portions of DNA that encode rRNA

ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

compartmentalizes the cytoplasm, increasing the surface area for biochemical synthesis

Ribosome

serve as site where genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into proteins

Mitochondria

oxidative phases of cell respiration, generate ATP

Chloroplasts

photosynthesis

Centrioles

located in centrosome, organizes spindle fibers

Tubulin

protein polymers, what microtubules are made of

Centrosomes

responsible for organizing microtubules into the spindle fibers

Cohesin

multi-subunit protein complex holding sister chromatids together, formed during s phase

Metaphase plate/ equatorial plane

midline region of the cell

Kinetochore

plates of proteins where spindle fibers bind

Shugoshin

protein family "guardian spirit" protects cohesin from being degraded

Separase

enzymes that degrades cohesin

Middle Lamella

cell plate laid down during telophase

Karyotyping

chromosomes are photographed, cut out, printed, and matched up

Locus/Loci

identical gene sites

Zygotes

single-celled fertilized egg

Mitotic activity

basis for wound healing and cell replacement

Reticulocytes

shed their nuclei and replenish the supply of red blood cells in vertebrates

Karyokinesis

nuclear division

Cytokinesis

cytoplasmic division

Interphase

the initial stage of the cell cycle, replication of DNA

Vitro

"in glass"

G1

5 hrs

S

7 hrs

G2

3 hrs

M

1 hr

Prophase

36 mins

Metaphase

3 mins

Anaphase

3 mins

Tel

18 minutes

Prophase

cell phase migrating 2 pairs of centrioles

Prometaphase & Metaphase

migration of every chromosome

Prometaphase

chromosome movement

Metaphase

chromosome configuration

Anaphase

chromosome distribution, shortest stage of mitosis

Telophase

2 complete sets of chromosomes are present, one set at each pole

CDC mutations

mutation that exert an effect at one or another stage of the cell cycle