Studied by 4 peopleRibosome
________- serve as site where genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into proteins.
Separase
________- enzymes that degrades cohesin.
Chromosomes
________- what chromatin fibers condense into.
Telophase
________- 2 complete sets of chromosomes are present, one set at each pole.
Reticulocytes
________- shed their nuclei and replenish the supply of red blood cells in vertebrates.
Kinetochore
________- plates of proteins where spindle fibers bind.
Cyclins
________- molecules that control conjunction with proteins, bind to kinases.
Metaphase
________ 1- chromosomes are shortened and thickened.
Tubulin
________- protein polymers, what microtubules are made of.
Terminalization
________- chiasmata shift towards the chromosome ends.
Electron microscope
________- allowed cells to be seen in highly organized structures (form and function)
Spermatogenesis
________- productions of male gamete,
Mitotic activity
________- basis for wound healing and cell replacement.
Centrosomes
________- responsible for organizing microtubules into the spindle fibers.
Mitochondria
________- oxidative phases of cell respiration, generate ATP.
Receptor molecules
________- recognition sites, transfer chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell.
CDC
________ mutations- mutation that exert an effect at one or another stage of the cell cycle.
Chiasma
________- chromatids are intertwined, crossing over.
Centrioles
________- located in centrosome, organizes spindle fibers.
Oogenesis
________- production of a female gamete.
Shugoshin
________- protein family "guardian spirit "protects cohesin from being degraded.
Cyclin
________- dependent kinases- phosphorylate target proteins that regulate the progress of the ________.
ER
________ (endoplasmic reticulum)- compartmentalizes the cytoplasm, increasing the surface area for biochemical synthesis.
Dyad
________- half of a tetrad.
Bivalent
________- synapsed pair of homologs.
Haploid
________ gametes must contain precisely one member of each homologous pair of chromosome for genetic continuity.
Sister chromatids
________ are pulled towards opposite poles.
portions of DNA
NOR (nucleolus organizer region)- ________ that encode rRNA.
Middle Lamella
________- cell plate laid down during telophase.
Interphase
________- the initial stage of the cell cycle, replication of DNA.
Plasma
________ membrane- outer covering that defines cell boundaries and delimits cell from external environment.
Meiosis
________- production of sex cells (gametes)
Synapsis
________- pairing up of homologous chromosomes.
cohesin
The ________ is cleaved by separase.
Spermatocyte
________- male gametocyte, sperm.
Glycocalyx
________- cell coat, provides biochemical identity, cell- identity markers.
Kinases
________- enzyme products of many of the mutated genes, can add phosphates to other proteins.
meiotic event
Crossing over- ________ resulting in genetic exchange between members of each homologous pair thus genetic variation.
Cytokinesis
________- cytoplasmic division.
Anaphase
________- chromosome distribution, shortest stage of mitosis.
Prophase
________- cell phase migrating 2 pairs of centrioles.
Diakinesis
________- separation.
Prometaphase & Metaphase
________- migration of every chromosome.
Prometaphase
________- chromosome movement.
Chromosomes
________- vehicles for transmitting genetic information.
Mitochondria
________ and chloroplasts- contain their own unique genetic information.
Metaphase
________- chromosome configuration.
Cohesin
________- multi- subunit protein complex holding sister chromatids together, formed during s phase.
Chromosomes
vehicles for transmitting genetic information
Mitosis
somatic cells
Meiosis
production of sex cells (gametes)
1940
year when transmission electron microscope was developed
Electron microscope
allowed cells to be seen in highly organized structures (form and function)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
contain their own unique genetic information
Plasma membrane
outer covering that defines cell boundaries and delimits cell from external environment
Cellulose
polysaccharide, what the cell wall is made of
Glycocalyx
cell coat, provides biochemical identity, cell-identity markers
Receptor molecules
recognition sites, transfer chemical signals across the cell membrane into the cell
Animal Cells
plasma membrane, glycocalyx
Plants cells
cell wall
Chromosomes
what chromatin fibers condense into
rRNA
ribosomal assembly
NOR (nucleolus organizer region)
portions of DNA that encode rRNA
ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
compartmentalizes the cytoplasm, increasing the surface area for biochemical synthesis
Ribosome
serve as site where genetic information contained in mRNA is translated into proteins
Mitochondria
oxidative phases of cell respiration, generate ATP
Chloroplasts
photosynthesis
Centrioles
located in centrosome, organizes spindle fibers
Tubulin
protein polymers, what microtubules are made of
Centrosomes
responsible for organizing microtubules into the spindle fibers
Cohesin
multi-subunit protein complex holding sister chromatids together, formed during s phase
Metaphase plate/ equatorial plane
midline region of the cell
Kinetochore
plates of proteins where spindle fibers bind
Shugoshin
protein family "guardian spirit" protects cohesin from being degraded
Separase
enzymes that degrades cohesin
Middle Lamella
cell plate laid down during telophase
Karyotyping
chromosomes are photographed, cut out, printed, and matched up
Locus/Loci
identical gene sites
Zygotes
single-celled fertilized egg
Mitotic activity
basis for wound healing and cell replacement
Reticulocytes
shed their nuclei and replenish the supply of red blood cells in vertebrates
Karyokinesis
nuclear division
Cytokinesis
cytoplasmic division
Interphase
the initial stage of the cell cycle, replication of DNA
Vitro
"in glass"
G1
5 hrs
S
7 hrs
G2
3 hrs
M
1 hr
Prophase
36 mins
Metaphase
3 mins
Anaphase
3 mins
Tel
18 minutes
Prophase
cell phase migrating 2 pairs of centrioles
Prometaphase & Metaphase
migration of every chromosome
Prometaphase
chromosome movement
Metaphase
chromosome configuration
Anaphase
chromosome distribution, shortest stage of mitosis
Telophase
2 complete sets of chromosomes are present, one set at each pole
CDC mutations
mutation that exert an effect at one or another stage of the cell cycle
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