better sport and society

Feudal System

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour

What was pre-industrial Britain like?

- People lived in the countryside/rural areas
- Communication and transport were limited
- Everyone widely distributed across the country
- Lack of technology
- Two tier class system

Popular Recreation

The sport and pastimes in pre-industrial Britain (pre-1780)

Characteristics of Popular Recreation

- Simple, few rules
- Rare occurrence/annual
- Localised
- Violent
- Lower classes participated

Characteristics of Popular Recreation's Cause: Simple with few rules and little structure

Low literacy rates, nobody could write rules

Characteristics of Popular Recreation's Cause: Rare occurrence/annual events

Long working hours, agricultural calendar

Characteristics of Popular Recreation's Cause: Localised

Poor transport facilities and communication

Characteristics of Popular Recreation's Cause: Violent

Male dominated society, few rules, undisciplined

Mainly lower class/Feudal System

Upper class gambled on results

Mob Football - Class

- Played by the lower classes
- Upper classes gambled and bet upon results

Mob Football - Rules

- Irregular depending on region due to a lack of communication
- Low literacy rate so couldn't be confirmed
- e.g. no murder, tap ball on wall to score

Where and when was mob football played?

- Played on festival, holiday and holy days, or as part of a celebration
- Played on streets throughout villages

Pedestrianism - Class

- Lower class competed
- Upper classes placed wagers on the races
- Gentry held the events
- Patrons managed walkers and increased their status if their athletes succeeded

Pedestrianism - Rules

- They walked for as long and as far as they could
- Simple rules

Where was/when was/ what did pedestrianism develop into?

- Also known as 'foot racing'
- Evolved into the marathon
- Annual event
- Local events

Real Tennis - Class

- Exclusive for upper class males
- More respectful towards each other

Real Tennis Rules

- Literate so rules are written down
- Conduct rules
- More complex rules

Real Tennis Details

- 'Royal Tennis' or 'The Sport of Kings'
- Better funding for transport so more widespread
- Purpose built facilities
- Played more frequently
- Better equipment
- Less localised

Foot Racing

A form of competitive running/walking in the 17th + 18th centuries involving feats of endurance - eventually evolved into pedestrianism

Why was there an eventual ban on mob football?

- Violence in nature
- Led to severe injury and death
- Damaged property
- Gambling seen as negative
- Linked to alcohol consumption

Patron

Upper-class member of the Gentry who looked after and managed lower-class performers by arranging competitions, putting up prize money and looking after their welfare

Popular Recreation - Festivals

- Simple/unwritten rules
- Local events
- Annual occurrence
- Rural location
- Wagering and betting

Rational Recreation

19th century sports for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well-ordered, organised and controlled

Industrial Revolution

Mid-18th to 19th century period which marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class

Urbanisation

Internal migration of the lower classes to urban areas

What was life like during the period of urbanisation?

- Lack of public provisions, e.g. leisure centres
- Non-agricultural work
- Abundance of poverty
- Introduction of a third class
• Factory owners
• Employed the lower classes
• Not born into wealth

What is HITFOR6?

The negative effects of industrialisation
- Health and Hygiene
- Income
- Time
- Facilities
- Overcrowding
- Rights/Rules

Explanations of the negative effects of industrialisation

HITFOR6
Health and Hygiene - Too weak to participate due to poor working/living conditions
Income - Couldn't afford equipment due to high poverty rates
Time - 12-hour days, 6 days a week, Sabbath treated as a rest day
Facilities - Provisions were lacking as there was less space due to factories
Overcrowding - Lack of space for sport due to internal migration to the cities
Rights/Rules - Mob football encouraged crime, so criminal laws were introduced

Industrial Patronage

Owners set up factory teams as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

When was the second half of the Industrial Revolution?

1850-1900

Changes due to the Industrial Revolution?

1. More money came into the country/higher wages
2. Better standards of living
3. Increased participation an interest in sport
4. New middle class
6. Values of athleticism
7. Cheaper to travel

What Socio-Cultural Factors affected Rational Recreation?

1. Urbanisation
2. Communications
3. Public provisions
4. Transport

Socio-Cultural Factors affecting Rational Recreation - Communications

- Media/newspapers raised awareness of role models
- Railways transported teams/spectators to national fixtures
- Roads developing helped sports like cycling
- Better technology meant newspapers were produced
- Better education increased literacy rates
- Fixture results and inter/national results printed
- Sporting heroes/supporting teams begun

Socio-Cultural Factors affecting Rational Recreation - Urbanisation

- Lack of space meant popular recreation developed into rational recreation
- More free time and money meant stadiums were built for spectator sport
- Factories/churches developed teams, who regularly competed
- Lack of space meant facilities had to be purpose built
- Large working-class population demanded more entertainment
- Civilised society meant traditional sports were banned
- Increased health due to change in working conditions

Socio-Cultural Factors affecting Rational Recreation - Public Provisions

- Government Acts led to the provision of parks and baths
- Provision of parks and baths to improve health and hygiene for the working class
- Middle class banned mob games and encouraged others
- Public baths for the first and second classes reflected societal integration of society and improved health/hygiene
- Public parks and facilities provided social control deterring people from drinking and gambling

Socio-Cultural Factors affecting Rational Recreation - Transport Revolution

- Development of roads, steam trains, etc.
- Allowed players and supporters to travel
- Decreased travelling costs
- Increased access to rural areas

The Factory Acts

Series of UK labour law acts passed by Parliament to regulate the hours of work and quality of working conditions

Wash Houses Act 1846

Passed to increase public provisions to improve general hygiene

What influence did the Church have on popular recreation?

• Promoted social control
• Diversion from drinking and gambling
• Sport promoted Christian values
• Muscular Christianity
Used sport to get more people to church
• Provided facilities
• Made teams
• Sunday School

Muscular Christianity

The belief that you should maintain a vigorous condition of the body, in turn leading to good health, good morals and the right feelings towards religion

Middle-Class Impact

1. Codification
2. Competitions
3. Public provisions
4. Increased leisure time
5. Movement to professionalism

Codification

Strict rules from NGBs, enforced by the middle classes

Competitions

Leagues and fixtures evolved through the middle-class involvement in churches, schools, universities and factories

Who helped to develop public provisions?

Philanthropists helped develop facilities

Increased Leisure Time

Factory owners allowed more time off for workers, increasing time to play and watch sport

Movement to Professionalism

Middle class agents set up factory teams and broken time payments in football

What did public school boys experience and learn?

• Middle/Upper class boys
• Learnt values of athleticism
• Physical endeavour and moral integrity were highly valued
• Work hard to get results
• Work to best of ability
• Keep to the spirit of the game
• Etiquette and follow the rules
• Self-discipline

How did public school boys have an impact after leaving school?

• Played a huge part in development of rationalisation of sport
• Supported working class

What jobs did public school boys take on after they'd grown up?

1. Teachers
2. Factory owners
3. Clergy
4. British Army officers
5. Diplomats

Influence of Factories and Industrialists

Made factory teams
Shortened Saturday working hours
To watch
To play
Promoted sportsmanship
Supplied facilities and equipment
First version of agents
Foundations for professionalism
Paid broken time payments
Factory owners paid for the time that their employees played sport during working hours

Universities

- Added to the melting pot of sports
- Had their own leagues
- Provided facilities

Who ran NGBs?

The middle class

How did National Governing Bodies develop rational recreation?

• Combinined the ideas from the melting pot
Factories
Churches
Schools
Universities
• Codification - NGBs created a set of rules, from the melting pot of sports, which led the regulation and unification of sport
• They controlled the sports through discipline, organisation and officiation
• Competitions - they developed leagues for the 4 areas aforementioned

Reasons for NGBs

- Maintain, control and organise sport
- Maintain amateur ideal
- More clubs were forming
- More leagues required
- Codification of sport
- More fixtures required (national and international)

NGB Examples

LTA - 1888
FA - 1863
RFU - 1871

Characteristics of Rational Recreation

1. Respectability
2. Regionally, nationally and regularly played
3. Codification
4. Referees
5. Purpose-built facilities
6. Skills/tactics based

Amateurism

One who engages in athletic activity as a pastime rather than as a profession, and has never accepted money (aside from those circumstances specified by restrictions composed by a regulatory body)

Professionalism

One who engages in athletic activity as a means to maintain their livelihood through financial gain

Values of Amateurism

- Manliness, robustness, striving and physical endeavour
- Appreciating the value of health and fitness
- Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- High moral integrity

Gentleman Amateur

A spokesman who, because of his social position and financial situation, had no need for monetary reward from participation in sport

Details of gentlemen amateurs

- Being respected within the society at the time with a public-school background
- High status in sports reflected a high status within society
- Having wealth and free time for sport through being part of the social elite
- Participation seen as character-building
- Training frowned upon, as it constituted professionalism
- Playing a range of sports using solely their natural talents

What did playing to a high moral code involve?

• Accepting all rules immediately
• Showing restraint in victory
• Good humour in defeat
• Referee deemed unnecessary

Working Class Professionals

Members of the working class who either received broken-pay or left factory jobs to pursue a career in sport due to their willingness to train, win and their talent

Characteristics of working class professionals?

- Working class
- Poor
- Very little leisure time due to long working hours
- Committed to train and perform to their optimal ability
- Low morality, as winning was the most important thing

Positive Impacts of Amateurism

- Dominated by upper/middle classes
- Code of amateurism was based on set rules put in place by NGBs
- Adhered to code of ethics (playing sport to a high moral code)
- Belonging to a social elite allowed them free time to enjoy it for fun, rather than for money
- Participation seen as more important than winning
- All-rounder viewed with high regard
- Amateurs constituted the 'elite' performers of the 19th century
- New middle classes held admiration for the cultural values of the upper-class gentlemen amateurs

Positive Impacts of 19th Century Professionalism

1. Working class paid a wage
2. Broken-time payments awarded and maintained
3. Allowed the working class to gain financially
4. Standard of performance improved as athletes were paid based upon performance
5. Earnings from sport were higher than the average working-class wage of the time
6. Seen as an avenue of social mobility
7. Created determination to succeed as winning became the most important thing

How have things changed for modern-day pros and ams?

• Progression of 20th century saw professionals attain greater respect - with amateurs losing the status they once had
• Appraisal began to be based on merit and achievement

Modern-Day Amateurs - What's now changed for them?

- Modern-day amateurs tend to be of a lower status (professionals now higher)
- Some high-level performers are still not professional
- Less likely exclusions, with athletes moving between amateurism and professionalism more freely
- Performance at the top level in most sports is open to all
- Some amateurs get money to pay for training expenses

Positives of Modern-Day Amateurism

- Codes of amateurism still evident
- Viewed positively and promoted in various ways
- Sports which have only been professionalised still retain core values of amateurism

Modern-Day Professionalism (Characteristics) - Status

- All classes can compete
- People now respected for reaching elite levels
- Positive role models provide positive encouragement
- Celebrity status

Modern-Day Professionalism (Characteristics) - Standards

- High rewards for athletes through media and sportsmanship
- More time to train
- Higher standards of performance

Modern-Day Professionalism (Characteristics) - Money

- Money invested enables sports to survive
- More affordable travel for more spectators

19th Century Amateurism vs 21st Century Amateurism

19th Century Amateurism vs 21st Century Amateurism
- High moral integrity vs High moral integrity
- Respected more than professionals vs Professional respected more than amateurs
- Gentlemanly/higher status vs Lower status
- Didn't train as it was frowned upon vs Train relatively frequently
- Separate from professionalism vs Professionals used to be amateurs
- Range of sports vs Range of sports
- Participants had wealth and time vs Participants can be any and everyone
- Rugby Union vs Carshalton Athletic FC.

19th Century Professionalism vs 21st Century Professionalism

19th Century Professionalism vs 21st Century Professionalism
- Amateurs respected more than them vs Professional respected more than amateurs
- Poor vs Usually relatively wealthy
- Little leisure time due to working hours vs Extensive free time as it's their job
- Committed to train and perform to their best vs Committed to train and perform to their best
- Low morality (cheating) vs Low morality (drugs, betting, etc.)
- Winning was the most important thing vs Winning is the most important thing
- Often evident in broken-pay vs Full-time jobs (unless you're semi)
- Thames Ironworks (West Ham United FC.) vs Arsenal WFC.

How did Rationalisation of Association Football come about?

1. Urbanisation
2. More leisure time
3. Increased income
4. Transport
5. Professionalism
6. More organised
7. Links between social classes

Rationalisation of Association Football - Urbanisation

- Internal immigration from the countryside to city
- Dense city populations who wanted to play and watch
- Lack of space led to purpose built facilities
- High spectator demand

Rationalisation of Association Football - Increased Free Time

- More time to watch and play
- 3pm Saturday was the traditional time to play

Rationalisation of Association Football - Increased Income

- Higher wages for the working classes led to more money being spent on tickets
- People paid more to travel further away to watch games (encouraging national competitions to begin)
- Professionals earned money

Rationalisation of Association Football - Transport

- Steam trains opened up the country to everyone
- Enabled national competitions to come into play
- Teams could play further afield

Rationalisation of Association Football - Professionalism

- Opportunities to play sport professionally increased
- Broken time payments'
- Good job to escape factory jobs

Rationalisation of Association Football - Increased Organisation

- NGBs
- Codification
- Highly structured and standardised when ex-public-school boys created FA in 1863
- Game became more controlled and less violent
- Referees controlled violence
- Expanded quickly via factory and church teams

Rationalisation of Association Football - Social Class Links

- Middle class representation gave football credibility and respectability
• Higher morals
• Sporting etiquette
• Part of NGBs
• Enforced key rules
- Game then taken on by the working class as the 'people's game'

When was the FA formed?

1803

When was the first FA Cup?

The 1871-1872 season

When were footballers first recognised as professionals?

1885

When did the national football league begin?

1888

When did the BBC start sports broadcasting?

1927

How did the Modern Development of Football come about?

- 20th century brought about media support (radio/cinema)
- Increased access led to football becoming the nation's favourite sport
• Increased attendance
• Increased gate receipts
• Increased wages

Bosman Ruling

A European Court of Justice decision made on 15 December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers

1. Equal opportunities
2. Increased media coverage
3. More female role models
4. More provisions via PE school programmes
5. More clubs formed
6. More funding increased participation
7. More free time

How did the role of a working class woman change between the 19th-20th century?

- Still restricted in comparison to men
- Less emphasis on their domestic role
- Earned more personal money
- Took on physically strenuous jobs in the factories

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - Equal opportunities

More sports available
More sports are socially acceptable
Passing of the Sex Discrimination, leading to less sexism in sport
War effort from women broke myths about the stereotypes about female physical capabilities

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers Increased media coverage

BT Sport provides live coverage of the WSL
Women's football is part of the EA

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - More female role models

Players
Coaches
Officials

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - More provision via school PE programs

In the National Curriculum
Extra-curricular activities

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - Increased approval/encouragement by the FA

E.g. England Lionesses are supported by the FA
FA Cup final held in Wembley in 2015

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - More clubs forming

Local and professional levels

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - Increased participation

Due to more funding at grass roots and elite levels

Socio-Cultural Factors Stimulating Change for Female Footballers - More free time

Traditional domestic role has decreased

Who was Wendy Toms?

- First female to officiate in the Football League and Premier League
- As an assistant referee