Dual Credit US History: Final Exam

what are motivations for colonization of the new world

the 3 g’s: god, gold & glory

what was the popes role in spanish colonization

issues the papal bull/inter caetera

what was columbus’s motivation and interactions with the indigenous populations

interacted with them kindly, but wanted to make them servants/slaves

what are the causes of european colonization

nationalism, religion, renaissance movement, economics

what are the effects of european colonization

atlantic slave trade, spread disease, human rights violated, economic instability

the papal bull 1493

document where the pope authorizes spain and portugal to colonize the americas

doctrine of discovery

established a religious, political, and legal justification for colonization of land not inhabited by christians

the treaty of tordesillas

neatly divided the new world into land, resouces, and people claimed by spain and portugal

columbian exchange

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, metals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas

3 g’s

god, gold, and glory

what is the reason for mission settlements in spanish colonization

to spread christanity and protect borders

encomienda system

a system of forced labor in Spanish colonies, intended to encourage colonization

causes of the encomienda system

to motivate colonizers, provide free labor, extract wealth from the colonies

effects of the encomienda system

forced labor, loss of freedom and rights, population reductions (disease & exhaustion)

mission settlements

a religious settlement formed by catholic priests to teach religious beliefs to the indians/ to use indians as a labor force

bartolomé de las casas

outspoken spanish critic of the colonial government in the americas

the black legend

a style of propaganda that criticizes the spanish empire

differences between english and spanish colonization

spanish: economic, spread religion, conquering land

english: wealth, practice new religion, gold

similarities between english and spanish colonization

unfair indigenous treatment, enslavement

why was jamestown settled

to build a secure settlement, find gold, seek water routes/sources

what events took place in jamestown

first meeting of the general assembly, first thanksgiving, arrival of first africans in america

reasons for settlement between jamestown and plymouth

jamestown: gold

plymouth: religious freedom

how did the labor system transition from indentured servitude to the slave labor system

slaves were more profitable and a “renewable” source of labor

mercantilism

a system where a country attempts to gain wealth through trade with other countries

puritan

english protestants who sought to rid the church of england

pilgrims at plymouth

group of english puritans, known as pilgrims

northern colonies

new hampshire, massachusetts, rhode island, conneticuit

western colonies

new jersey, new york, pennsylvania, delaware

southern colonies

maryland, virginia, north carolina, south carolina, georiga

indentured servitude

a form of labor where an individual works without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe

plantation system

the south needed people to keep plantations running so they created slavery to replace indentured servitude

effects of mercantilism on the colonies

encouraged the colonists to purchase goods from england rather than rival nations, stunted the growth and freedom of colonial business

contrast the concepts of mercantilism and salutary neglect

mercantilism: law provided by the government that citizens are not allowed to buy/trade from other countries

salutary neglect: unofficial policy that was largely ignoring the american colonies and let them do as needed

how did mercantilism lead to grievances of the colonists

excessive taxes, inflation, colonies could not compete with britain in manufacturing

import

to bring goods or services into a country from abroad

export

send goods or services to another country

tariff

a tax imposed by the government of a country on imports or exports of goods

navigation acts

a series of laws passed by the british parliament that imposed restrictions on colonial trade

salutary neglect

unofficial policy that was largely ignoring the american colonies and let them do as needed

how did salutary neglect make the political situation worse between the colonies and parliament

expanded the thought of self-government, colonial growth and prosperity, differing political views

what were the reactions of the colonists during the revolutionary period

some colonists supported leaving britain, some wanted to stay loyal (loyalists vs. patriots)

what are some enlightenment thoughts found in the declaration and constitution

life, liberty, equality, individual rights, justice, natural rights

what are the effects of the proclamation of 1763

american revolution, angered english settlers, war with indian tribes

what forms of taxation and oppression occurred in the colonies

currency act, sugar act, stamp act, declaratory act, townshend act, intolerable acts, quartering act

french and indian war

fought between france and great britain to determine control of the territory of north america

john locke

natural rights: life, liberty, pursuit of property, people may overthrow the government if their natural rights are not protected, gov job to keep natural rights protected

thomas hobbs

monarcy is needed for people to stay civil

voltaire

seperation of church and state to prevent corruption

rousseau

social contract, agreement between people and government

montesquieu

separation of powers (judicial, executive, legislative)

natural rights

life, liberty, the pursuit of property or happiness

proclamation of 1763

created a boundary line between the british colonies and native american territory, using the appalachian mountains as the boundary, to prevent wars between colonists and indians

taxation without representation

a political slogan which expresses one of the primary grievances of the american colonists

currency act

prohibited the printing and use of paper money

sugar act

taxes sugar, molasses, banned exports to foreign countries, and established strict restrictions on imports and exports

stamp act

special printed materials must have a tax stamp and then government officials would collect the tax in exchange for the stamp

declaratory act

stated that parliament could make laws binding the american colonies, used to assert authority in parliament

townshend act

initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea, used to help pay the expenses involved in governing the American colonies

intolerable act

authorized the royal navy to blockade boston harbor, forbade any exports to foreign ports

quartering act

requiring citizens to provide food, drink, housing, and transportation to british forces stationed in their towns

american revolution

13 of britain's colonies overthrew british government to establish america

declaration of independence

the founding document of the US stating its freedom from britain

what was the aftermath of the american revolution for the newly formed country

religious fragmentation, economic struggles, new government, population shift, build a military, foreign connections

what was the purpose of the articles of confederation

established the functions of the national government of the US

what was the significance of the articles of confederation

created a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments, need for a stronger federal government became apparent

what were some ideas the colonists had prior to the revolution that were put in the constitution

all people are created equal, people have natural rights, liberty, free speech, freedom of religion, due process of law, freedom of assembly

significance of the constitution

guarantees every american has natural rights and protection of life, liberty, and property/happiness, governments job to keep these rights protected

significance of the bill of rights

guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual further than life, liberty, and the pursuit of property/happiness

what was the impact of george washington as the first president

set precedents for future presidents, helped shape the offices future, appointed a cabinet

articles of confederation

the written document that established the functions of the national government

shay’s rebellion

a battle in massachusetts in response to a debt crisis among the citizens, opposed the government's efforts to collect taxes on individuals

constitution

the supreme law of the US

bill of rights

the first 10 amendments in the constitution

federalists

someone who believes that the national government should have more power than the states

anti-federalists

someone who believes that the national government should not have more power than the states

state rights vs national rights

state rights: gun control, cannabis, abortions, sam-sex marriage

national rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, the bill of rights

whiskey rebellion

rebellion because of a whiskey tax, resulted in the presidency of washington

significance of the monroe doctrine

warns other nations that the US would not tolerate further colonization in the west

how did nationalism contribute to the era of good feelings

politics, architecture, arts, literature

how did sectionalism work against feelings of national unity

states developed contrasting economic interests and priorities

what were the components of the missouri compromise

admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state so balance would not be disrupted

how did the missouri compromise contribute to sectionalism

marked the beginning of a prolonged sectional argument over the extension of slavery between the north and the south

what was the role of political parties in the era of good feelings

crucial role building long lasting agreements among diverse groups in the americas

louisiana purchase

many acres of territory in america that the US purchased from france

andrew jackson

democratic-republican, did not like the national bank, said it was unconstitutional

manifest destiny

americans believed they had a god-given right to explore and expand across the US

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nation, thinking ones nation is better than others

democratic-republicans

an american political party formed by thomas jefferson and james madison

what is jeffersonian democracy

a belief that national government should not be more powerful than the states

what did jacksonian democracy consist of

expanded suffrage to white men over the age of 21, gave people the right to vote without having property, as long as they were a tax paying white man they could vote, rejection of national bank, no national powers, state rights

what were the conflicts that were under jackson’s time in office

war of 1812, nullification crisis, tarff of abdomination, the bank war, the panic of 1837, the petticoat affair

how was the nullification crisis a significant part of jackson’s presidency

almost led to civil war, jackson was a heo to nationalists, southerners hated him

how was the vetoing of the bank a significant part of jackson’s presidency

jackson destroyed the national bank, believed it helped the wealthy northerners at the expense of the poor

how was the indian removal act a significant part of jackson’s presidency

wanted to strengthen the south, many tribes resisted against jackson

how did jackson support westward expansion

would strengthen the south, gain money and land

spoils system

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

veto of the bank

jackson did not like national bank, said it was unconstitutional, dangerous to the liberties of the people, did not support state rights

indian removal act

forced indians out of their home and pushed them into western territories

trail of tears

the US government forcibly removed the native americans from their homelands and relocated them on lands in the west

worcester v. georgia

legal case that stated the states did not have the right to impose regulations on native american land