Biology I Lab Exam 2 Review Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts from the Biology I Lab Exam review notes, focusing on cellular respiration, photosynthesis, genetics, and evolution.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Type of fermentation that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, occurring in some bacteria and yeasts.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Type of fermentation that produces lactic acid, occurring in some bacteria and vertebrate muscle cells.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that uses oxygen to produce more ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP and including fermentation.

Phenol Red

A pH indicator that changes color based on the acidity of a solution.

pH Indicator Colors

Neutral = red (around 7), Acidic = yellow (below 7), Basic = pink or purple (above 7).

Catalase Activity

The activity of the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide; affected by temperature.

Photosynthesis Light Intensity

Increased light intensity leads to increased rates of photosynthesis up to a certain point.

Spectrophotometer

An instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a sample at different wavelengths.

Absorption vs Transmission

Absorption: light is taken in by material. Transmission: light passes through material.

Paper Chromatography

A method used to separate pigments in spinach based on their polarity.

Stomata Function

Small openings on plant leaves for gas exchange; important for photosynthesis.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of Meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.

Spermatogenesis

The process of producing sperm cells from diploid spermatocytes through meiosis.

Oogenesis

The process of producing egg cells from diploid primary oocytes through meiosis, producing one egg and polar bodies.

Non-Disjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

Mendel's First Law of Segregation

The law stating that alleles separate during gamete formation, resulting in each gamete carrying only one allele for each gene.

Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment

The law that states that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

DNA Fingerprinting

A technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.

Homologous Structures

Anatomical similarities in different species that indicate common ancestry.

Types of Teeth in Animals

Incisors (cutting), Canines (piercing), Pre-molars (grinding), Molars (crushing).

Diet Prediction Based on Dentition

Carnivores have sharp canines, Herbivores have flat molars, Omnivores have mixed teeth.

Karyotype

A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, used to identify genetic conditions.

Barr Body

An inactivated X chromosome in females, visible as a dense spot in the nucleus.