hell pt3

Harmful Dysfunction

An internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform

Psychological Disorder (general definition)

A disturbance in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; leads to distress or disability. Doesn reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.

DSM-V

Category of disorders, anxiety, depressive, dissociative disorders, described in detail, including overview of disorder

Major Depressive Disorder

Characterized by a depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day; loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously were satisfying.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which a person could potentially be evaluated by others.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsessions), and a need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).

Specific Phobia

Experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Uses both biological and psychological factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. People with an underlying predisposition (diathesis) for a disorder are more likely to develop it when exposed to stress.

Biological Perspective (Psychological Disorders)

Views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena or imbalances.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.

Agoraphobia

Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one has a panic attack.

Safety Behaviors

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce the chance of negative social outcomes (often associated with social anxiety).

Compulsions

Repetitive ritualistic acts that are usually carried out as a means to calm distress,

Obsessions

Recurrent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing.

symptoms of OCD

learned responses from classical and operant conditioning.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder resulting from extreme stress or traumatic events; symptoms include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, flashbacks, avoidance, and reactions to stimuli connected to the trauma.

Suicide Rates Statistics

4x Higher in men (79% of all suicides). Rates are higher in spring and lower in winter.

Delusions

Beliefs that are contrary to reality and firmly held even in the face of contrary evidence.

Hallucinations

Perceptual experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulation.

Negative Symptoms (Psychological Disorders)

Reflect a noticeable decrease or absence in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives (e.g., in schizophrenia).

Schizophrenia Research (Adoptees)

Study showing that 5 out of 47 adoptees whose biological mother had schizophrenia were diagnosed compared to 0-50 of control cases, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A person becomes split off or separated from their core sense of self

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information following stressful or traumatic experiences, not due to ordinary forgetting.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

disregard for and violation of the rights and feelings of others, with no remorse.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Involves instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

Humane Treatment of Mentally Ill

Advocated by Philippe Pinel, a movement for more compassionate care for individuals with mental illness, often associated with unchaining patients.

Deinstitutionalization

The closing of large mental asylums, aiming to provide care for individuals with mental illness in their communities instead.

Voluntary Treatment

Mental health treatment sought by an individual's own choice.

Involuntary Treatment

Mental health treatment administered without the individual's choice.

Cognitive Therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on how a persons thoughts lead to feelings of distress and aims to change maladaptive thinking patterns.

Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy that uses the technique of active listening, where the therapist restates and clarifies what the client expresses, focusing on empathy and unconditional positive regard.

Systematic Desensitization

An exposure therapy technique where a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.

Psychoanalysis

The first form of psychotherapy, developed by Freud, which aims to uncover long-buried unconscious feelings and conflicts.

Free Association

A psychoanalytic technique where the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind at the moment, without censoring thoughts.

Transference

A psychoanalytic phenomenon where the patient transfers emotions and attitudes associated with another important relationship onto the psychoanalyst.

Group Therapy

A form of psychotherapy where a clinician meets together with several clients who share similar problems.

Family Therapy

A special form of therapy involving one or more families, often aiming to improve communication and resolve conflicts within the family unit.

Individual Therapy

A form of psychotherapy where the client and clinician meet one-on-one.

Barriers to Mental Health Treatment

lack of insurance, transportation, and time; ethnic minorities may also go less frequently than White Americans.

Treatment for Addiction

Typically involves a combination of factors, including duration of treatment, behavior therapy, and medications to assist with detoxification.