hell pt3

  • Harmful dysfunction definition of psychological disorders

    • Internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform.

  • Other definitions regarding psychological disorders

    • Disturbance in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; leads to distress or disability. Doesn’t reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.

  • DSM-V (meaning, contents)

    • Categories of disorders — anxiety, depressive, and dissociative disorders. American detail including overview of each disorder.

  • Major depressive disorder (and its symptoms)

    • Depressed mood most of day, nearly every day; loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously were satisfying, such as hobbies, sex, or sports.

  • Social anxiety disorder

    • Extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which a person could potentially be evaluated by others.

  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    • Thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted; need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

  • Specific phobia

    • Experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.

  • Diathesis-stress model

    • Uses both biological and psychological factors to predict likelihood of disorder. People with underlying predisposition for disorder are more likely to develop it.

  • Biological perspective of psychological disorders

    • Views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena or imbalances.

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder

    • Continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.

  • Agoraphobia

    • Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one has a panic attack.

  • Safety behaviors

    • Mental or behavioral acts that reduce chance of social outcomes.

  • Compulsions

    • Repetitive and ritualistic acts that are usually carried out as a means to calm distress.

  • Obsessions

    • Recurrent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing.

  • Symptoms of OCD

    • Brought about by learned response from classical and operant conditioning.

  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • From extreme stress or traumatic event; symptoms include intrusive and distressing memories of event, flashbacks, avoidance, and reactions to stimuli connected to trauma.

  • Suicide rates

    • Higher in men (79% of all). Rates higher in spring, lower in winter.

  • Delusions

    • Beliefs that are contrary to reality and firmly held even in the face of contrary evidence.

  • Hallucinations

    • Perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.

  • Positive and negative symptoms

    • Negative reflect noticeable decrease or absence in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives.

  • Research on adoptees into homes with schizophrenia-diagnosed members

    • 5 of 47 whose mom had schizophrenia were diagnosed, compared to 0–5 of control cases.

  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • Person becomes split off or separated from core sense of self.

  • Dissociative Amnesia

    • Unable to recall important personal information following stressful or traumatic experiences.

  • Antisocial Personality Disorder

    • Shows no regard at all for other people’s rights or feelings.

  • Borderline Personality Disorder

    • Greatly involves instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity.

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning.

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder

    • Deficits in communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

Chapter 16 – Therapy and Treatment

  • Humane treatment of the mentally ill (history, contributors)

    • Philippe Pinel argued for more humane treatment; “unchained” movement linked to reform.

  • Deinstitutionalization

    • Closing of large asylums by providing people care in their communities instead.

  • Voluntary and Involuntary treatment

    • Voluntary: Seeks treatment by choice.

    • Involuntary: Treatment not by choice.

  • Cognitive therapy

    • Focuses on how person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress.

  • Client-centered therapy

    • Uses technique of active listening — restates and clarifies what client expresses.

  • Systematic desensitization

    • Exposure therapy where calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.

  • Psychoanalysis

    • First form of psychotherapy, believed to uncover long-buried feelings.

  • Free association

    • Patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind at the moment.

  • Transference

    • Patient transfers emotions associated with another relationship onto the psychoanalyst.

  • Group therapy

    • Clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems.

  • Family therapy

    • Special form of therapy with one or more families involved.

  • Individual therapy

    • Client and clinician meet one-on-one.

  • Barriers to mental health treatment

    • Lack of insurance, transportation, and time; ethnic minorities go less frequently than White Americans.

  • Treatment for alcohol and drug addiction

    • Duration of treatment, behavior therapy, and medications to detox.