health example studies

Flashcards about studies discussed in the lecture.

What was the aim of McKinstry & Wang's (Doctor's Dress) study?

Investigated whether a doctor’s style of dress affects patients’ confidence, preference, and perceived effectiveness.

What were the findings of the McKinstry & Wang study regarding doctor's attire?

Formal attire was preferred for both male and female doctors, while casual clothing was rated lowest.

What was the aim of McKinlay's Medical Jargon study?

Examined how well working-class mothers in Scotland understood commonly used medical terms.

What were the key findings of McKinlay's study on medical jargon?

Doctors overestimated patients’ understanding of medical jargon, and there was a negative correlation between frequency of doctor use and actual patient understanding.

What was the aim of Safer et al.'s study on delays in seeking medical care?

Identified types of delay in seeking treatment and the psychological/situational factors influencing them.

What three types of delay were identified in Safer et al.'s study on delays in seeking medical care?

Appraisal Delay, Illness Delay, and Utilization Delay

According to Safer et al., what factors were examined in relation to delays in seeking treatment?

Symptom type (e.g., pain), anxiety, denial, and fear of outcomes

What was the focus of the Aleem & Ajram study?

A case study of Munchausen Syndrome in a 22-year-old female university student.

What was the aim of Robinson & West's study?

Investigated accuracy of computerised questionnaires compared to paper questionnaires.

What did Robinson & West find in their study comparing computerised and paper questionnaires?

Patients gave more information on the computerised version of the questionnaire.

Which study looked at how mothers presented their children's symptoms to GPs (e.g., in medical vs. psychological terms) and how that influenced the GP’s response?

Cooke and Colver(1976)

According to Cooke and Colver(1976) when __ were presented GPs were more likely to prescribe medicine or give physical treatment?

Medical terms

According to Cooke and Colver(1976) when symptoms were described with _ GPs were more likely to offer reassurance, advice, or non-medical referrals?

Emotional or social concerns

What was the aim of Schofield et al(1964) - Clinical Judgements and Patient Appearance?

To investigate if a patient's appearance affects clinical judgements made by healthcare professionals.

According to Schofield et al(1964) patients who appeared _ were judged as having less severe conditions and were more likely to be recommended for outpatient care?

Well-groomed

According to Schofield et al(1964) patients who appeared _ were judged as more severely ill and more likely to be recommended for institutionalization?

Scruffy

What was the aim of Laba et al. (2014) – Rational Non-adherence to Medication?

To explore whether patients' decisions to not adhere to medication are rational, based on factors like cost, side effects, and effectiveness

According to Laba et al. (2014) which factors significantly influenced adherence decisions?

Cost, side effects, and effectiveness

What was the Aim of Riekert & Droctar (Adolescents with Diabetes) – Factors Influencing Non-Adherence in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes?

To assess factors influencing non-adherence in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, focusing on parental support and adolescents' attitudes toward their illness.

What were the Findings of Riekert & Droctar (Adolescents with Diabetes) – Factors Influencing Non-Adherence in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes?

Adherence linked to social support and adolescents’ understanding of their illness.

What was the Aim of Chung & Naya (Electronic Monitoring of Adherence)?

To Test effectiveness of electronic monitoring in asthma patients?

What were the Findings of Chung & Naya (Electronic Monitoring of Adherence)?

Electronic data showed lower adherence than self-report; peak adherence before clinic visits and dropped afterwards.

What was the Aim of Chaney et al (Funhaler and Adherence)?

Determine if a child-friendly inhaler (Funhaler) could improve adherence.

What were the Findings of Chaney et al (Funhaler and Adherence)?

Adherence increased from 59% to 81%.

What was the Aim of MacLachlan (Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain)?

Assess mirror therapy in reducing phantom limb pain.

What were the Findings of MacLachlan (Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain)?

PLP reduced after 4 sessions

What was the Aim of Chandola et al. (Workplace Stress & CHD)?

Investigate link between workplace stress and coronary heart disease.

What were the Findings of Chandola et al. (Workplace Stress & CHD)?

Chronic stress predicted CHD via biological and behavioural pathways.

What was the Aim of Wang et al. (FMRI & Psychological Stress)?

Investigate brain activity and physiological response to stress.

What were the Findings of Wang et al. (FMRI & Psychological Stress)?

Stress increased heart rate and cortisol; prefrontal cortex activation correlated with stress.

What was the Aim of Evans & Wener (Crowding and Commuter Stress)?

To investigate the effects of train crowding and personal space crowding on stress levels, specifically looking at weekday vs weekend differences.

What were the Findings of Evans & Wener (Crowding and Commuter Stress)?

High crowding (both train and personal space) led to increased cortisol levels and a negative mood, with weekdays showing higher cortisol compared to weekends due to greater crowding and stress.

What was the Aim of Budzynski et al. (Biofeedback & Tension Headaches) – Biofeedback in Reducing Muscle Tension?

To investigate the effectiveness of biofeedback in reducing muscle tension associated with tension headaches.

What were the Findings of Budzynski et al. (Biofeedback & Tension Headaches) – Biofeedback in Reducing Muscle Tension?

The biofeedback group experienced a 50% reduction in muscle tension, whereas the other groups showed less or increased tension.

What was the Aim of Janis & Feshbach (Fear Appeals & Dental Hygiene)?

Investigate effects of fear-based messages on dental hygiene attitudes/behaviour.

What were the Findings of Janis & Feshbach (Fear Appeals & Dental Hygiene)?

High fear caused defensiveness; moderate fear increased positive behaviour.

What was the Aim of Lewin et al. (Heart Manual for Cardiac Rehab) – Effectiveness of Self-Help Rehab Manual for Cardiac Patients?

To test the effectiveness of a self-help rehabilitation manual for patients recovering from a heart attack.

What were the Findings of Lewin et al. (Heart Manual for Cardiac Rehab) – Effectiveness of Self-Help Rehab Manual for Cardiac Patients?

The group using the manual showed improved emotional and physical recovery compared to the standard care group.

What were the Findings of Fox et al. (Token Economy in Workplace Safety) – Token Economy to Improve Workplace Safety?

Increased compliance with safety protocols was observed.

What was the Aim of Weinstein (Unrealistic Optimism) – Investigating Unrealistic Optimism in Perceived Risk?

To investigate if people perceive themselves as less at risk than others for experiencing negative life events and more likely to experience positive events, demonstrating unrealistic optimism.

What were the Findings of Weinstein (Unrealistic Optimism) – Investigating Unrealistic Optimism in Perceived Risk?

Both studies revealed that students consistently rated themselves as less likely to experience negative events and more likely to experience positive events compared to their peers. This demonstrated a clear cognitivebias of unrealistic optimism.

What was the Aim of Seligman et al. (Positive Psychology Interventions) – Investigating the Impact of Positive Psychology Exercises on Wellbeing?

To investigate the effects of three different positive psychology exercises on participants' wellbeing.

What were the Findings of Seligman et al. (Positive Psychology Interventions) – Investigating the Impact of Positive Psychology Exercises on Wellbeing?

All three exercises led to an increase in happiness and a reduction in depression.