physical Geology quiz

toporgaphic maps

show the shape of the land by including elevation information

contour lines

third dimension is represented, lines of equal elevation

elevation

imaginary lines drawn to represent above datum

contour intervals

elevatin change between two lines is not a standard unit

fifth line

contour lines are not labed with on each line, but you will notice that each, is darker brown and is labaeled with an elevation

Index Contours

darker brown lines serves as a startting point when reading elevation

Benchmarks

elevations at specific points or features are marked with an “x” and the letters “BM”

relief

range of elevation represented by the contour lines on a topographic map

Gradient

measure of the steepness of a slope

Gradient math problem

slope rise/run

rule of “V”

states that there is a deflection of the contour lines on a map as they cross they valley produced by a stream

Latitude

lines circle the globe parallel to the equator which is latutude 0 degrees (0-90 northern)

longitude

lines connect at the North and South plos and are thereforce not parallel to each other

Prime Meridian

Longitude 0 degree, pased through Greenwich, England

Latitude and longitude

earth has two sets of imaginary lines

International date line

longitude lines measure 0-180 degrees east or west of their prime meridian and meet in the pacific ocean

latitude lines

top and bottom toporgraphic maps are parallel of globe

lines of longitude

maps are orientated with their side parallel

single degree

latitude or longitude represents a large distance

minutes

degree have been further subdivided (hour) 

second

further subdived (minutes)

True North

star symbol

magnetic north poles

mn,earth a compass needle does not point toward the north pole

Geographic North(GN)

represents the maps true north, this is used for the Universal Transerved Meractor (UTM) grid system

universal transverse mercator system

was set up in order to produce a handy grid of 1000 meter squares on most types of maps

global positioning system

units allow for utm corordinates as well as latitude and longitude

hydrologic cycle

represents the movement of the water on earth

evaporates

solar energy from the sun water mainly from the oceans lakes, streams,soil ,and plants 

transpiration

transport different part earth ocean, river

condenses

moisture to form clounds in the atmosphere which eventually

preciopitates

as snow, ice and rain returning in the water to the oceans,lakes, streams,soil and plants

overland runoff

water on other ground and ends up in streams rivers and other surface water 

infiltrates

the soil and bceome groundwater

ocean

most of earth’s water in salt water , nearly 97%

glaciers

almost 2% is forzen freshwater stored

Groundwater

represnts less than 1% of the water on earth, valunable resouce and differes from the more familiar surface water

saturated zone

lakes and streams as it is stored in the open sapces within the soil and rocks of the ground

unsaturated zones

shallow depths contain water , pore space is not filled the soil was dry to moist

water table

boundary between the top unsaturated zones and the lower saturated zone

porosity

percentage of open spaces to be filled with water represent of the rock substrate

permeability

represents the yield of the rocky materail, pores and open stroage spaces are shaped and interconnected to one another allowing the water to be transmitted or stored

hydrualic conductivity (K)

simple as it sounds because groundwater is juts the portion of water found between the spaces in rocks, so they may not be connected, as in fractured rocks or they may have to around the losse gravel material to continue movig downward. characteristic of permeability is commonly

V

the velocity of the groundwater

k

Hydraulic conductive of the materail

i

the hydraulic gradient

n

porosity of the materail

equipotential lines

contour lines you have drawn, show the general location of the water table

prependicular to the equipotential lines

direction of ground water flow, moving from higer to lower elevations

darcy’s law

v=ki/n

weather 

Short-term changes in the atmosphere that affect wind, temperature, precipitation, etc.

Length scales of cities to states.

Timescales of minutes to weeks.

climate

Long-term changes in the solar radiation, ocean heat content, weather patterns, temperatures, etc.

Length scales of cities to the globe!

Timescales of months to millenia.

scientific method

scientific inquiry are based on observation and an innate curiosity to undertsand how nature works

observe

the natural world, create hypothesis baseon on current knowledge in order to explain and predict the oersveations

tests and models

explian the obeservations ,refine and modfiy your tests and predictios when new data and observations provide additional information

Lithosphere

Volcanism and weathering of rocks

Biosphere

Some organisms drawdown CO₂ (plants) while others produce CO₂ and other GHGs (Livestock, Humans)

Hydrosphere

 makes up most of Earth’s surface, dominant reservoir for heat and carbon

Atmosphere

Quickly redistributes heat and carbon globally, regionally influences weather, GHGs warm Earth

Solar radiation

• Shortwave incoming → Longwave outgoing

• Greenhouse Gases keep Earth at a livable temp – we wouldn’t survive without them!

  • Earth’s temp would be -18ºC (0ºF) on average, as opposed to the actual temperature of about 15ºC (59ºF)

Positive Feedbacks in the Climate System

Ice Albedo Feedback,Water Vapor / Cloud Feedback

Greenhouse Gases Doing?

• Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, H₂O, etc) absorb re-emitted Longwave radiation

• Triatomic structure increases vibration and leads to warming (change in dipole moment / charge)

Rates of Change

• The rate of change of CO₂ in the atmosphere is a major climate concern.

• 800 thousand years pre industrial: ~180-280 ppm.

• In just ~180 years post industrial revolution: ~427 ppm.

Projections

Numerical models provide tons of information on past and projected climate response to natural and anthropogenic forcings.

The Seuss Effect:

Ancient fossil fuels are depleted in heavy Carbon isotopes. Burning them dilutes the atmosphere carbon content with light isotopes.

Human Influences?

(a)Anthropogenic influences included capture observed warming.

(b): Natural system excluding GHGs.

Observed changes in temperature can only be accounted for by including human influenced emissions

ultraviolent(UV)

some wavelengths are very small, short than 380mm

visiible light (ROYGBIV)

wavelengths are between 380-760nm

infrared (IR)

longer wavelengths, are greater than 760nm until 1nm, these wavelengths are important in heat

two gases dominat (solar raditaion)

nitrogen and oxygen

water vapor

concentrations are determined in part by temperature and saturations levels,and cycle between the oceans, life on the planet and the atmosphere continually in an approximately two -week cycle

carbon dioxide

is naturally emitted by volcanes and absorbed by plants and incroportated to produce carbonate rich rocks such as limestone and hydrocarbons such as coal

methane

is bothe nutrally occuring and formed by biological gelogical and industrical processes

nitrous oxides

is emitted during agricultural and industrial activites, combustion of fossil fuel and solid water, naturally present in the atomosphere as part of earth’s nitrogen cycle and has an average cycling time of over 100 years

steady state

climate refers to a hypothetical long-term average where the climate system is no longer changing,

transicient climate

the actual, time-dependent path the climate takes as it warms or cools, with conditions like temperature and sea level changing over time

milankovitch cycle

Changes in Earth’s orbit (100 ky timescales), tilt (41 ky timescales), and wobble (19-23 ky timescales) ultimately drive glacial-interglacial transitions.

solar insolation

the amount of solar radiation a surface receives over a specific time, measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter per day