APUSH The Gilded Age and Progressivism Terms

James Garfield

represented the reform of the civil service party (1880-81). James Garfield was elected to the presidency in 1880. He barely won the popular vote but won by a huge margin in the electoral college. He was assassinated so that the Stalwarts could be in power in the government. This brought about reforms in the spoils systems.

Chester Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

Factions in the Republican party that emerged by 1880; the Stalwarts, led by Senator Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system, while the Half-Breeds claimed to represent the idea of civil service reform.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Breaking down patronage. The Pendleton Act of 1883 was the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. It also created the Civil Service Commission. ECONOMIC.

Tammany Hall

Date:1789 Description/Significance: Tammany Hall was a powerful New York political organization. It drew support from immigrants. The immigrants relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services. In return, they asked for ppl's votes on election day.

William Marcy Tweed ring

Tweed Ring is a dark mark on our history that defined government corruption for an entire century, its destruction is also a testament to the success of the free press. A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Sand Creek Massacre

The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[3] killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

The Little Big Horn

(1876) The government ordered all Sioux to leave their territory to put a stop to raids. This broke out into a battle that took place near the Little Bighorn River.

Dawes Severalty Act

dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Oliver Kelly

(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

The Grange and Farmer's Alliance

This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. It sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.

Populist Party

A political group which began to emerge in 1891. They gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform. James B. Weaver ran as their presidential candidate in 1892. They had an impressive voter turnout. They were also known as the People's Party.

Omaha Platform

Suggested a program that advocated for the limitations of corporations and business practices. Limited coinage of silver- no gold standard.
1. Direction of senators-17th amendment
2. Graduated Income Tax ( not until 1913)
3. Nationalization of RR

Bi-metallic standard vs. gold standard

Bi metallic standard is the currency of the u.s. prior to 1873 which consisted of gold or silver coins as well as U.S. treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver. Gold standard was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate. (1990)

Greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Wichita lawyer and "fiery alliance orator" who prompted the formation of the National Women's Alliance (NWA. Because this is what I think of when I think of NWA). Significant because she symbolized the parallel relationship between public purpose advancement and that of most other disadvantaged groups.

William Jennings Bryan

A Democratic candidate in the election of 1896, he advocated "free silver", was in tune with the interests of farmers and was supported by Populists because he advocated one aspect of their platform (bimetallism). He didn't win the election because his support base was very limited geographically and demographically. This is significant because it marked the end of Populism and the start of a Republican majority in government for the next 15(? I think) years.

"Cross of Gold' speech

A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896. Bryan supported bimetallism, or free silver, which he believed would bring the naiton prosperity. He vehemently oposed the gold standard, and famously said, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination. The nation since 1873 was bitterly divided on the monetary standard.

Munn v Illinois

1877; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Wabash v Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Tying

is the practice of selling one product or service as a mandatory addition to the purchase of a different product or service.

Predatory pricing

Temporarily setting the price of a product below the cost of producing it, and accepting the resulting loss of profit, in order to undercut competitors and drive them out of business.business. This technique helped give a few firms unprecedented market control.Large corporations could afford to use this in local markets, against smaller rivals. After driving competitors out of business in a particular market, the corporation could then raise prices to a profitable level.

rebates/kickbacks

kickback: the return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors. rebates: a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. A belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. This was the basis of many people who promoted a laissez-faire style of economy.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

American industrialist and philanthropist. Founded standard oil company that dominated the oil industry.

Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie set the standard for new steel mills. Carnegie was an advocate of Social Darwinism and believed that unrestricted competition would eliminate weak businesses. He also thought that a concentration of wealth was a natural result of capitalism, but that it should be given back to society. ECONOMIC & CULTURAL.

Carnegie Steel

Scottish philanthropist who revolutionized the use of steel and developed the steel industry. Was bought out by J.P Morgan.
Very big on giving back to society and helping the poor- building libraries and donating money. Believer in Social Darwinism and was able to monopolize the steel industry

Bessemer-Kelly process

A process for making cheap steel, the process was invented in the 1850s by a British inventor, though William Kelly, a Kentucky manufacturer discovered it on his own a few years earlier. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron, which caused the metal tobecome white-hot by igniting the carbon and thus eliminating impurities. The two men, made the present steel civilization possible. However, the process was not the whole story. America was one of few places where coal for fuel, iron ore for smelting, and other essential ingredients for steel were all in the same place, as well as an abundant labour supply.

JP Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

US Steel

Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over 400 million to a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan. The new corporations, United States Steel, was the first billion dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over 3/5th of the nations steel business

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law that stated government opposition to monopolies, prohibits conspiracies in restraint of trade. Huge loophole regarding "rule of reason" with what constitutes "unreasonable" restraint of trade.

Chinese Exclusion Act

were a set of laws that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens. They were passed in 1882, renewed in 1892, and then made permanent in 1902, but were repealed in 1943.

Vertical integration

vertical integration: controlling every step of industrial production progress in order to increase efficiency and limit competiti

Horizontal Integration

Controlling all competition in a particular industry. Consolidating all competitors to monopolize a market.

Thomas Edison

was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

George Westinghouse

The inventor of the railroad air brake demonstrated the advantages of high-voltage alternating current for transmission over great distances. He formed an electric company in 1886.

Elijah Otis

Elisha Graves Otis was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.

Molly Maguires

A Irish miner's union that was established in Pennsylvania during the 1860s and 1870s; tens of thousands of Irish were forced to flee their homeland during the potato famine, but were not welcomed in America, who regarded them as a social menace and competition for jobs; forced to fend for themselves, they banded together to improve their social, financial, and political situation.

Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor were founded in 1869 as a secret society of garnet workers in Philadelphia, but emerged as a national movement by 1878. They believed that fraternity was harnessed to labor reform, and intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to a cooperative commonwealth. However, they ended up devoting themselves to education. ECONOMIC.

American Federation of Labor

The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO. ECONOMIC.

Haymarket Square Strike

After the police fired into the striking crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. It also harmed the interests of the labor movement. POLITICAL.

Pullman Strike

An 1894 railway workers strike for higher wages against the Pullman Company. Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, and Debs was thrown in jail after being sued. President Grover Cleveland issued a court order to stop the strike, strike achieved nothing. POLITICAL.

Eugene Debs

As leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. After being jailed he emerged as avowed radical committed to lifelong struggle against a system that enabled employers to enlist the powers of government to beat down working people. He initially identified self as Populist but quickly changed to Socialist, founded Socialist Party of American in 1901 that attracted ordinary Americans. He ran for President numerous times, most notably in 1912 and 1920. POLITICAL.

Homestead Strike

a violent strike of 1892 at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh over a lock out follwing a decision to cut wages by nearly 20%, and ended with the destruction of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel workers, probably the largest craft union at the time. Union workers had had a friendly relationship with Carnegie's company until Henry Frick became President and wanted to cut costs

Pinkerton Guards

During the labor unrest of the late 19th century and early 20th century, businessmen hired the Pinkerton Agency to provide agents that would infiltrate unions, to supply guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories. The best known such confrontation was the Homestead Strike of 1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to enforce the strikebreaking measures; the ensuing conflicts between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to several deaths on both sides. The Pinkertons were also used as guards in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

Spanish-American War

USS Maine stationed in Cuba mysteriously blew up. Yellow journalist exaggerated the story, implying the Spanish were responsible
De Lome Letter: written by Spanish minister De Lome. Trash-talked President McKinley
Yellow journalism
The American public demanded war

Weyler Camps

General "Butcher" Weyler was the Spanish governor of Cuba whose harsh reconcentration camp policy provoked outrage in America. Americans saw Cuba's anti-Spanish rebels as a reflection of their own revolutionary ancestors' struggle against the British.

the Maine

In 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; 260 Americans died. Although it was later concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain. Congress passed the Teller Amendment, which promised that America would not annex the precious islands. It also began the Spanish-American War with Spain, spinning of the famous quote "Remember the Maine, To hell with Spain!"

Teller Amendments

declained aby designs to the united states had on cuban territory. Act of congress in 1898 that stated that when the USA has rid cuba of spanish misrule, cuba would be granted its freedom.

Platt Amendment

This amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. This amendment also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean. This amendment was resented very much by the Cubans.

Yellow Journalism: Hearst & Pulitzer

Before and during the Spanish-American War, newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engaged in blatant sensationalizing of the news, both to sell newspapers and to influence public opinion for war with Spain over Cuba. Intentional sensationalizing the news is now commonly labeled "yellow journalism."

William McKinley

(1843-1901) The 25th President of the US is best known for winning tough elections. He supported the gold standard and high tariffs. He succeeded in forging a republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s. Led the US to victory in 100 days in the Spanish-American War. Assassinated in 1901.

Teddy Roosevelt

(1858-1919) The 26th President of the US from 1901-1909. Noted for his exuberant personality and range of achievements, he was also a soldier, author, hunter, naturalist, and statesman at local, state, and federal levels. He became the youngest President at age 42, built the Panama Canal, designated dozens of national parks, built up a navy, and was a hero of the Spanish-American War.

Rough Riders

Known also as the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, it was one of 3 regiments raised for the Spanish-American War in 1898. The US Army was weakened in manpower significantly after the Civil War. Thus, President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers. It was commanded by Leonard Wood, and his second in command was former assistant secretary of the US Navy Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt wanted American involvement in the push for Cuban independence. When Wood became commander of the 2nd Cav. Brig., they became known as "Roosevelt's Rough Riders".

Emilio Aguinaldo

(1869-1964) A Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played a vital role in the Philipines' revolution against Spain. He also led the subsequent Philippines-American War for Philippines Independence. He became the first Philippino President.

Northern Securities case

Important anti-trust decision. Northern Securities Co. v. United States, (1904), was an important ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court ruled 5 to 4 against the stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, who had essentially formed a monopoly, and to dissolve the Northern Securities Company.

Anthracite coal strike

the 1902 strike in which Theodore Roosevelt summoned both sides to the White House and, after threats of seizure and use of troops, reached a compromise of a 10% pay increase and a nine-hour day

Square Deal

1. conservation of natural resources
2. control of cooperation's
3. consumer protection

Muckrackers

beginning in 1902, the exposing of evil in social and political life became a flourishing industry among American publishers. Theodore Roosevelt gave this name to those mudslinging dirt-diggers

Jane Adams

Jane Addams was middle class woman. The Hull House is a settlement house that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago. The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.