AP euro reform and wars of religion

iconoclasm

destruction of religious Catholic images

simony

buying and selling of church offices

absenteeism

official receives compensation but does not work

pacifists

believe violence and war are unjust, even to defend themselves

polygamy

idea that men should have multiple wives

millenarians

those who believe the end of the world is near

regent

temporary ruler for a monarch

politique

ruler who puts success of state above all else, even religion

corruption of catholic church

• simony

• pluralism, leading to absenteeism

• clerical ignorance (illiterate clerics)

• Babylonian captivity

• indulgences

indulgences

• confession not necessary if indulgence is purchased

• sold by pope Leo X to rebuild st. peter’s basilica in rome

tension in catholic church

• conflict between Roman Catholic popes and European kings

• papacy established in France, not italy

  • popes look to consolidate power, not religion

• papacy moved back to italy

  • causes fighting

  • another pope elected in France and both claim absolute power

john wyclif

• english

• states that bible is sol authority

• foreshadows luther

• critic of church

• followers known as lollards

john hus

• czech/bohemia

• early nationalist

• burned at the stake for heretical views

• followers known as Hussites stage rebellions

christian humanism

• opens door for reform

• critics like Erasmus question church

  • on the false donation of constantine

martin luther

• educated monk

• true beleiver

• wrote 95 these

• declared heretic at diet of worms

  • claimed only word of God could make him change his mind

• protected by Frederick III (local leader) who wanted break from church for more power

95 theses

• outlined corruption of catholic church

• latin (educated few)

• criticized Johann Tetzel and sale of indulgences

• spread around Germany due to printing press

luther’s ideas

• salvation through faith alone

  • good works will follow

• priesthood of all beleivers

• bible > papacy

  • church hierarchy is unecessary

• only communion and baptism

• vernacular bibles

• rejected transubstantiation

  • God is present metaphorically

transubstantiation

idea that bread and wine turns into god’s body and blood

diet of worms

• charles v demands Luther to take back writings

  • refuses, burns papal bull

  • only bible will change his mind

  • exocommunicated

German peasants revolt

• inspired by but not supported by lutheranism

• peasants demand end of serfdom

peace of augsburg

• temporarily ends struggle over lutheranism

• Charles V gives up on restoring catholicism

• religion divides germany

league of schmalkalden

• formed by lutheran princes for defense against Charles v

• Francis I of France allies with league to keep germany divided

  • church < politics

• conflict leads to hapsburg-valois war

john calvin

• sought to institutionalize/systemize protestantism

• influenced by humanism, Erasmus, and luther

• exiled to switzerland

• wrote institutes of a Christian religion

• established theocracy in geneva

john calvin’s views

• predestination

• the elect will never lose their salvation

• wealth is a reward for hard work (seen as sign of gods favor)

• church and state are inseperable

predestination

idea that God has decided who would go to heaven and hell before the world was created (salvation was a matter of god’s choice, not human)

anabaptists

• similar principles as Luther and calvin except

  • adult baptism (infants cannot profess faith)

• radical pacifists and millenarians

  • women lead sermons

  • separation of church/state

  • rejected contracts

tragedy at munster (1534)

• anabaptists take control of Munster germany

• combined protestant and Catholic armies capture and execute Anabaptist leaders

• led by John of leydon

• all books except german bible burned

ulrich zwingli

• swiss reformation

• student of humanism

• preached erasmus’ texts

• adopted lutheranism

• established theocracy in zurich

calvinism

• most significant protestant sect

• greater impact on future generations than lutheranism

• presbyterianism established by John knox

consistory

• rules geneva

• lay elders impose harsh penalties for those who disobey gods laws

  • Calvinism = most hostile protestant sect

max weber

• wrote protestant work ethic

  • tied to development of capitalism

  • hard work and accompanying financial success show that god is pleased

  • savings (uncommon) lead to investment and capital proft

jesuit order

• catholic counter reform

• established by ignacious of loyola

• educated young men

• roman inquisition

  • executed heretics in HRE

  • index of prohibited books (Erasmus, Galileo)

ursuline nuns

• educated young girls

• spread christianity throughout the world with missionaries

• catholic counter reform

st. Teresa of avila

• reformed order of Carmelites to reject corruption and accept life of prayer

• catholic counter reform

council of trent effects

• simony prohibited

• permanent split between catholicism and Protestantism

• celibate priests

• restricted indulgences

• affirmed traditional Catholic principles

  • salvation through faith and good works

  • transubstantiation

  • seven sacraments

  • bible = dogma authority

Valois family

• catholic

• new monarchs

• lineage begins to die off

  • Catherine de medici regent for her young sons

guise family

• strongly anti-bourbon

• conservative catholics

bourbon family

• calvinist

massacre of vassey

• Huguenots killed in mass during a service

• not enough power to take over france, but are able to fight back for tne years

st. Bartholomew day’s masacre

• marriage of Margaret (Valois) to Henry of Nevarre (bourbon)

  • huguenots flock to paris

  • huguenot leader executed by Henry of guise

  • Catherine medici order killing of huguenots

  • initiates war of 3 henrys

war of Three henry

• henry III assasinates henry of guise

• emonk assasinates henry III

• henry of Navarre takes throne (henry IV)

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre, bourbon)

• politique

  • converts to catholicism to be accepted in paris

• ended french civil wars

• began course towards absolutism

• sought practical political solutions, somewhat like machiavelli

• forms army to fight against valois

edict of nantes

• france remains Catholic state, but allows huguenots freedom to worship

  • prohibited to worship in big cities like paris

  • must worship privately

  • most protected minority group (fortified towns, access to universities, public office)

spain’s Catholic crusade

• fought back against ottoman expansion into europe

• Phillip II tries to restore catholic unity across europe, particularly England and netherlands

• true beleiver

  • builds escorial

battle of lepanto

• war against Turks in Mediterranean for access to the spice trade

• Spain defeats Turkish navy

  • beginning of ottoman downfall

dutch revolt

• William of orange leads provinces of Netherlands/Flanders against Spanish inquisition of Phillip II

• receive aid from england to balance spain’s power

dutch revolt effects

• catholic unity broken in Phillip II’s empire

• spanish-netherlands still under phillip

• united provinces formed (now dutch republic)

Spanish armada

• spain sees England as competitor in new world

  • religious conflict

• storms in English channel destroy many of spain’s ships

causes of thirty years war

• failure of peace of augsburg

  • Calvinism rises, but is prohibited

tyw bohemian phase (1618-1625)

• defenestration of prague

• severe restrictions on protestantism used to annihilate calvinism

  • Lutheran princes discriminated

tyw danish phase (1625-1629)

• height of catholic power

• Albrecht von wallerstein fights for holy Roman empire

• edict of restitution

albrechht von vallerstein

• mercenary general paid to fight for holy Roman empire

• invaded north germany

  • continues fight against protestantism

  • seized more land for hre

edict of restitution (1629)

• declares all church territories secularized and returned to Catholic church

• last high of hre

tyw swedish phase (1629-1635)

• protestants liberate territory taken in danish phase

• gustav’s Adolphus defends protestantism

gustavs adolphus

• king of sweden

• protestant

• led first modern European army

  • extremely powerful

• pushes Catholic forces to bohemia

• killed in battle

  • France fears power the HRE will have if united under catholicism

tyw french phase (1635-1648)

• cardinal richelieu allies with protestants although catholic

• treaty of westphalia

• hapsburg power weakens

cardinal richelieu (1585-1642)

• power behind french throne

• Allies with sweden, Holland, finland, Germany to defeat hre

  • politique

  • keeps balance of power

treaty of westphalia (1648)

• states that not international entities can control sovereign states

  • beginning of the nation state

• renewed peace of Augsburg and added calvinism

• makes 300+ German states sovereign

  • emperor has less control

results of tyw

• ended wars of religion

• France emerges as European superpower, England and Prussia rise

• high death rate in germany

  • further divided by decline of hre

• balance of power

• independence for Netherlands and switzerland