Human Geography: FINAL

Terriotoriality

"The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area"-Robert Sack

Sovereignty

Independence; having the last say over a territory-legally.

territorial integrity

a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.

Relative Location

Can highly influence the success of a state.
near core, connectedness, resources all factor in

exclave territory

is separated from its state by another state.
EX: Alaska, US

Enclaves

A state or portion of a state that exists completely in the territory of another state.

The Morden State Idea

The idea of a state that is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries came out of Europe and diffused through Mercantilism and Colonialism

Boundary

a vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state territory from another
- they can often divide resources such as oil between Kuwait and Iraq

Four Stage process of establishing Boundaries

1. Define= made by a legal document
2. Delimit= you draw on a map
3. Demarcate= make a physical map to show the boundary
4. Administrate= how they regulate the borders

Geometric boundaries

based on grid systems

physical-political boundary

follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape.
these are very common

Superimposed Boundaries

A boundary placed by powerful outsiders across a space that already has an established community.
EX: Africa after Berlin conference, the population and leaders had no say.

Subsequent boundary

Boundaries that evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape and that has undergone an ongoing process of change and accommodation.

antecdent boundary

A boundary defined and delimited (Drawn) before the present day human landscape developed.
EX: Canada and USA, Malaysia and Indonesia

Irredentism

Any position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged.
EX: Germany and the Sudetenland. Russia and Crimea.

Buffer State

Is a sate located between two larger conflicting countries. They lean on 3rd party resort and outside influences
EX: Mongolia between Russia and China who have had border conflicts for centuries.

Statelite state

Is a state that is formally independent but under heavy military, economic, and political control by another.

Shatterbelt

Is a state or group of states that are influenced by other larger competing states. They are often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented.

centripetal force

Unifying institutions such as compulsory education, holidays, and military service all help promote nationalism.
Strong transportation and communication systems such as roads, phone systems, banking networks, and rail system.

Centrifugal

Ethno-regionalim, or when a minority nation exists within a state region without control, can result in turmoil in a state.
Economic difficulties, such as hyperinflation or depression.

Devolution

Some states transfer power from the central government to different regions of the country.

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Failed States

States that are politically fragile
-governments struggles to control its people or resources
-public services are weak or completely unavailable
-government is unable to protect is boundaries.
Referred to as vulnerable states.

Imperialim

Is the policy of extending a country's influence through diplomacy or military force to areas already developed by an indigenous society.

Colonialism

Is the practice of establishing political dominance over a people outside of your state for economic, political, and territorial gain.

Ethnonational conflict

This occurs when an ethnic group within a state has a different sense of identity than the dominate population

Supranationalism

An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals.
-Economic, social/cultural, political, military or environmental
Typically regional scale , but there are some globalized.

Examples of supranational organizations

NATO, The United Nations, The European Union, ASEAN, The Arctic Council, The African Union, OPEC

Positives of Supranational Organizations

1. Decrease conflict and promote cooperation between member states
2. Environmental sustainability-The Arctic council works together to research climate change, wildlife conservation, and Ocean Health
3.Economics of Scale-Increased trade and bargaining power in order to make more money for the member nations(ASEAN, EU)
4. Collective defense-For military organizations, an attack against one ally is considered an attack on all of them.

Negatives of Supranational Organizations

Can challenge state sovereignty by limiting the economic or political actions of member states.

Federal government

a style of government in which power is shared between central, regional, and local governments.
Regional and local governments have autonomy and authority to administer their spaces in order to account for the needs of diverse groups.

Unitary Government

A style of government in which power is located centrally and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy.
Regional and local political units exist, but often do not act independent to make laws or policy.

spatial organization (Federal Governments)

Power is diffused to state and local governments on multiple levels
Multinational and geographically large-local power helps balance the needs of a diverse population.

spatial organization (Unitary)

Very little political power outside of the central government, and limited diffusion of power.
States are more likely geographically compact with fewer cultural differences and minority groups.

What is Census?

Done every 10 years, mandated by the Constitution. Official population count but also includes data on age, race, sex

What is Census used for?

Determine federal and state funding for planning and providing services and building/maintaining infrastructure.

Reapportionment

Process in which U.S. House of Representative seats are reallocated to different states, based off population change

Number of Congressional districts US Representatives

435

Electoral college

organization that utilizes the popular vote to then vote for president.

Redistricting

State's internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US house of Representatives and the state legislature. Redrawn to accurately reflect the new census data

Voting district

A geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections. Drawn by state legislatures.

Contiguous

A single, unbroken shape

Compact

Smooth rather than contorted boundaries and should cluster around a central core, rather than dispersing outwards.

Gerrymandering

Redistricting for political advantage, when the political party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend their political power.

Representative Districts

The ideal, in which the voting districts are equal

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration

The movement INTO a location

Emigration

The movement EXITING a location

Internal Migration

Migrants that travel within a country's borders Much more likely than transnational migration

External Migration

cross-border or international migration

Push factors

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present in a location that causes people to move away

Pull factors

Positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to move to that place

Economic Push

-Job Loss
-Lack of employment opportunities
-Low wages

Economic Pull

-Job opportunities
-Higher wages
-Seasonal Jobs (Guest Workers)

The Bracero Program

Mexico signed a treaty with the US to provide agricultural and transportation workers. 4.6 million Mexicans migrated

Social Push

-Discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism due to gender, ethnicty and/ or relgion
-Gender Roles: Men are most often migrants

Social Pull

-Freedom and Lack (or less) of discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism
-Familial or kinship ties.

Political Push

-War
-Repressive Laws
-Discrimination

Political Pull

-Peace
-Asylum: Political migrants that move due to fear of oppression and may be in danger because of their political views can be granted asylum in accepting countries

Natural Push

-Natural disasters
-Drought
-Crop Failure
-Intense climate

Natural Pull

Desirable climate and landscape

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Most migration is over a short distance
2.Migration occurs in steps
3.Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants
4.Every migration generates a counter-migration
5. Young, single, Adult males are most likely to migrant than females
6.Most migration is due to economic factors

Voluntary Migration

People migrate due to their own choices

Involuntary Migration

People relocate due to fears of violence or survival

Transnational

Migration from one country to another country

Remittances

Money sent back to migrants' country of origin-major economic flow.

Transhumance

Traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter.

Chain Migration

Immigrants migrate to a location based of the recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location.
Known as Family Reunification

Step Migration

Migration typically occurs in steps, migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements.

Guest worker

Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers-typically a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country's own labor force

Refugees

Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence.
You have to apply for this status

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border

Asylum Seekers

When People flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country.
-different than refugee
-More politcal motivated
-Move in small groups
-No other option when they arrive

Enslaved persons

Oftentimes referred to as human trafficking
-400,000 in US
40-45 million enslaved people in the United Nations
Historical: Atlantic Slave trade (10-12 Million people)

Economic Effect: Receiving Countries

-Immigrants are a source of labor for less desirable and low paying work
-Agriculture, construction, service industries
-reduce available jobs for citizens of the country
-Immigrants often open business: Shops, restaurants, nail salons

Economic Effect: Countries of Origin

-Decrease in umemployment
-Less strain on resources
-Remittances support the economy
-Brian damage: Loss of trained or educated people in emigration. 29% doctors in the US are from another country

Social impact: Receiving Countries

-Cultural Contributions: Immigrants bring aspects of their home culture with them such as music, food, literature, religion, lanaguage, art, etc.
-Demographic Change
Age Composition: Most immigrants are working-age which reduces the dependency ratios and provides tax support for the young and elderly

Social impact: Countries of Origin

-Demographic Change
Unbalanced sex ratio: Typically young men are most likely to migrate to find work, which leaves a shortage of men in the country of origin
Dependency ratio: Oftentimes the young and the elderly are left behind.
Changes the traditional family structure
-Relief from overcrowding

Political Effect: Receiving Countries and Countries of Origin

-Immigration Restrictions: Laws to restrict immigration due to xenophobia or the desire to limit cultural diversity
Japan and the United States
-Laws that encourage immigration
Guest worker Programs
Family Reunification

Physical Geography

Is the study of the world's physical features- its landforms, bodies of water, climates, soils, and plants.

Human Geography

Is the study of the events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth.

Ecological Perspective

Refers to the relationships between living things and their environment.

Site

refers to a place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as landforms, climate, and resources

Situation

Refers to a place's location in relation to other places on its surrounding features.

Space

refers to the area between two or more things on Earth's surface

Density

is the number of things-people, animals, or objects- in a specific area.

Pattern

How things are arranged in a particular space- is another factor distribution

Environment Determinism

the theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the
climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards particular development; human society development is
controlled by the environment

Distance Decay

is a key principle that describes the effect of distance on interactions

time-space compression

term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer
together even though their distances are the same. The rise in transportation technologies, tech. based communications,
the Internet, etc. allow for the closing of the distance gap.

Possibilism

theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations but people use their creativity to decide how
to respond to the conditions of a particular natural environment

Sustainability

The use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future.

sustainable development

is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

example of Quantitative data

population of a city

Example of qualitative data

field observations, media reports, travel narratives.

Census

is an official count of the number of people in a defined area.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

- map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data
- data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships
e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, crime rates

Topography

is the shape and features of land surfaces.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

An integrated network of at least 31 satellites that orbit the earth and transmit location data to handheld receivers

Cartographers

created maps to help explores follow the routes to those who came before them and to estimate how long it might take to travel to uncharted lands