Studied by 3 people
Lev Vygotsky
________: Proposed cognitive development was not universal for all children but instead depended heavily on culture and environment where the child grew up.
Accommodation
________ (learning): Modification of an established schema to fit a new object or problem, according to Piaget.
Puberty
________: Biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction.
Enrichment
________: In development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth.
Signals
________: In early language development, behaviors, such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allow the nonverbal interaction and turn- taking between parent and child.
Heredity
________ " (nature): "The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parent to offspring through genes.
Developmental psychology
________: The study of the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan.
Epigenetics
________: The study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
Carol Gilligan
________ distinguished between Kohlbergs fairness (justice) perspective and a harm (caring) perspective.
Transformation
________ (Piagetian): The mental ability to change the shape or form of a substance (such as clay or water) and the perceive that its volume remains the same.
Egocentrism
________ can relate to that people standing in other locations may not see what they can see from where they are situated.
Conservation
________ refers to the understanding that physical quantities stay the same even if they change their shape or appearance.
Assimilation
________: The application of an established schema to new objects or problems, according to Piaget.
Object permanence
________: Recognizing that physical things continue to exist, even when they are no longer visible.
Conventional
________: moral thinking is guided by a desire to please others or follow rules.
Motherese
________ (patentese): A pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher- pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition; slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections.
Teratogen
________: A harmful substance that can cause birth defects.
Polygenic characteristics
________: Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination.
Surrogate
________ mother: A substitute mother (in animal research, often an inanimate object or a dummy)
Congenital problems
________: Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb.
Withdrawal of love
________: Withholding affection to enforce child discipline.
Contact comfort
________: A pleasant and reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mothers.
Temperament
________: General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth.
Adolescence
________: The culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood.
Erik Erikson
________: Suggested would should face a psychosocial dilemma at every stage of life.
Piaget
________ believed that children go through a fixed series of cognitive stages.
Genome
________: Genetic heritage that will determine so many of our physical and psychological characteristics.
Biological predisposition
________: The presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave in particular ways.
Self esteem
________: Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself.
Postconventional
________: moral thinking is guided by self- chosen ethical principles.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
________ (DNA): A molecular structure that contains coded genetic information.
DNA
The ________ is twisted into chromosomes, and the ________ in each of the bodys cells is identical.
Preconventional
________: moral thinking is guided by consequences (e.g., reward, punishment)
Theory of mind
________: The understanding that people have mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions and that other peoples mental states can be different from ones own.
Schema
________: A mental structure composed of an organized learned body of knowledge or skills about a particular topic, according to Piaget.
Chromosomes
________: Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individuals genes.
Genes
________ reside on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleus of each cell.
hereditary instructions
The genes in each cell carry ________.
Socioemotional development
________: Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships.
Good quality relationships
________ are promoted when caregivers are sensitive to their babies signals.
Genetic disorders
________: Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.
Psychosocial dilemma
________: A conflict between personal impulses and the social world.
Jean Piaget
________: Proposed that childrens cognitive skills progress through a series of maturational stages.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
________ (FASD): A collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
Basic emotions
________ emerge very early in childhood and include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.
Sensorimotor stage
________ (0- 2 Years): Piagets initial stage of development, when the infants mental activity is only sensory perception and motor skills.
physical growth
Maturation: The ________ and development of the body, brain, and nervous system.
Parental styles
________: Identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children.
Insecure ambivalent attachment
________: An anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited.
positive emotions
Though ________ are common, survey data suggest that recent generations of adolescents appear to be managing higher levels of sadness (depression) and fear (anxiety) than has been the case in the past.
Developmental psychology
The study of the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan
Heredity ("nature")
The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parent to offspring through genes
Genome
Genetic heritage that will determine so many of our physical and psychological characteristics
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A molecular structure that contains coded genetic information
Chromosomes
Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individuals genes
Genes
Areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information
Genetic disorders
Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics
Dominant gene
A gene whose influence will be expressed each time that the gene is present
Recessive gene
A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene of the same type
Polygenic characteristics
Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination
Environment ("nurture")
The sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning
Teratogen
A harmful substance that can cause birth defects
Congenital problems
Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
A collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy
Sensitive period
During development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences
Deprivation
In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of absence
Enrichment
In development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth
Epigenetics
The study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself
Maturation
The physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system
Puberty
Biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction
Adolescence
The culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood
Socioemotional development
Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships
Social smile
Smiling elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a parents face
Erik Erikson
Suggested would should face a psychosocial dilemma at every stage of life
Psychosocial dilemma
A conflict between personal impulses and the social world
Affectional needs
Emotional needs for care, love, and positive relationships with others
Surrogate mother
A substitute mother (in animal research, often an inanimate object or a dummy)
Contact comfort
A pleasant and reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mothers
Separation anxiety
Distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers
Temperament
General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth
Attachment
Emotional bonding between an infant and its caregivers that results from infants feelings of security with the caregiver in times of stress or uncertainty
Secure attachment
A stable and positive emotional bond
Insecure-avoidant attachment
An anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver
Insecure-ambivalent attachment
An anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited
Parental styles
Identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children
Authoritarian parents
Parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority
Power assertion
The use of physical punishment or coercion to enforce child discipline
Withdrawal of love
Withholding affection to enforce child discipline
Self-esteem
Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself
Permissive parents
Parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility
Authoritative parents
Parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection
Emerging adulthood
A socially accepted period of extended adolescence that is now quite common in Western and Westernized societies
Biological predisposition
The presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave in particular ways
Signals
In early language development, behaviors, such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allow the nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child
Motherese (patentese)
A pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition; slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections
Jean Piaget
Proposed that childrens cognitive skills progress through a series of maturational stages
Schema
A mental structure composed of an organized learned body of knowledge or skills about a particular topic, according to Piaget
Assimilation
The application of an established schema to new objects or problems, according to Piaget
Accommodation (learning)
Modification of an established schema to fit a new object or problem, according to Piaget
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 Years)
Piagets initial stage of development, when the infants mental activity is only sensory perception and motor skills
