BSCI160 Exam 2 Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary and concepts from the BSCI160 Principles of Biology I Exam 2 lecture notes.

Tangled Bank Hypothesis

The idea that sexual reproduction might improve adaptation to changing conditions due to higher levels of genetic diversity.

Red Queen Hypothesis

The idea that sexual reproduction may have evolved to help hosts respond to the pressures of parasites or other competitors.

Sexual Selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Post-zygotic Barrier

A reproductive barrier that occurs after the formation of a hybrid zygote.

Pre-zygotic Barrier

A reproductive barrier that occurs before the formation of a hybrid zygote, preventing fertilization.

Autopolyploidy

A type of polyploidy in which all the chromosomes originate from a single species.

Speciation Event

The process by which one species splits into two or more species.

Phylogenetic Tree

A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Paraphyletic Group

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

Monophyletic Group

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

Polyphyletic Group

A group of organisms that does not include the common ancestor.

Parsimonious Tree

The phylogenetic tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.

Evolution of Metabolic Strategies

The order in which metabolic strategies evolved: Anoxygenic photosynthesis, Oxygenic photosynthesis, Anaerobic respiration, Aerobic respiration.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genes between cells of the same generation.

Protists

A polyphyletic grouping made of mostly unicellular Eukaryotes.

Complex Multicellularity

Requires master regulatory genes to map and grow a 3-D body plan.

Eukaryotic cells, with their larger size, complex organelles, and packaged DNA

Gametophyte

The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations, which mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Sporophyte

The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations, that results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Fungi

Important for plant and fungal groups conquering the land.

Animal Traits

All animals share heterotrophic metabolism.

Gastrulation

Leads to the formation of the endoderm and ectoderm tissue layers.

Sponges vs. Cnidarians

One has true tissue layers and one does not.

Cnidarians vs. Bilaterians

One has radial symmetry while one has bilateral symmetry.

Deuterostomes

Humans and Echinoderms are both Deuterostomes.

Analogous Structures

Structures in different species that have similar function but evolved separately, an example is wings.

Convergent Evolution

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages.

Meiosis

The process through which gametes are made.

Haploid

Gametes such as sperm and egg

Diploid

The new zygote after the combination of two gametes in fertilization

Direct Benefits Hypothesis

Males gift something to females.

Good Genes Hypothesis

females select mates based on traits that indicate the male's genetic quality, leading to offspring with increased viability

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other preventing or interfering with gene flow.

Biological Species Concept

When organisms reproduce to make fertile offspring.

Habitat Isolation

A form of reproductive isolation.

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes

Groups 1 and 2 in the phylogeny: Bacteria and Archaea, they are called Prokaryotes

Mass Extinction Events

Volcanoes ash light/temp changes & Asteroids resulting in death + ash.

Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria led to the evolution of the organelle mitochondria and later in plants, the evolution of the organelle called chloroplasts.

Bryophytes

Mosses.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns.

Gymnosperms

A group of seed-producing plants.

Angiosperms

A group of seed-producing plants, also known as flowering plants.

Cuticle, Stomates, Alteration of Generations

Major innovation(s) at point 1 (in first land plants as compared to algal ancestors).

Vascular Tissue

Major innovation(s) at point 2 (in groups b, c, d, but not a).

Seeds

Major innovation(s) at point 3 (in groups c and d).

Flowers and fruits

Additional traits that have led to group d from the image in the previous question being the most diverse group today.

Amniotes

Eggs won't dry out and result in less reliance on water for reproduction.

Gnathostomes

Enhanced feeding and prey capture.

Bipedal Locomotion

Uniquely human traits.

Advanced Cognition

Uniquely human traits.