BSCI160 Exam 2 Review Flashcards

Section 1: Multiple Choice

Question 1: Sexual Reproduction

• False Statement: Sexual reproduction is less common than asexual reproduction across animals.

• Explanation: Sexual reproduction is associated with higher genetic diversity (Tangled Bank Hypothesis) and helps hosts respond to parasites (Red Queen Hypothesis). It is more challenging due to mate finding and increased developmental complexity.

Question 2: Sexual Selection

• Not an Example: Male seahorses caring for young offspring (parental care).

• Examples of Sexual Selection: Male deer fighting for females, birds-of-paradise mating dances, long-tailed widowbirds with longer tail feathers.

Question 3: Post-Zygotic Barrier

• Not an Example: Incompatibility of gametes that prevents fertilization of zygote (this is a pre-zygotic barrier).

• Examples of Post-Zygotic Barriers: Reduced viability/survival of first-generation hybrids, infertility of first-generation hybrids, reduced viability/survival of second or later generations.

Question 4: Speciation Time

• Shortest Time: Autopolyploidy because it can occur in one generation.

• Other Options: Changes in activity times (temporal isolation), formation of a new canyon, formation of a new island population.

Question 5: Phylogenetic Tree

• Branch Divergence: Represents a speciation event, where a single species evolves into two distinct species.

Question 6: Phylogeny Groupings

• Identification: Top to Bottom: 1 = Paraphyletic, 2 = Polyphyletic; 3 = Monophyletic

• Definitions:

  • Monophyletic: Includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

  • Paraphyletic: Includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

  • Polyphyletic: Does not include the common ancestor of all members of the group.

Question 7: Phylogenetic Tree Patterns

• Tree d depicts a different pattern of relationships than the others.

Question 8: Most Recent Common Ancestor

• The most recent common ancestor of a mushroom and a sponge corresponds to mark E on the tree.

Question 9: Parsimonious Tree

• Most Parsimonious Tree: Determined by the fewest evolutionary changes required to explain the observed traits.

Question 10: Evolution of Metabolic Strategies

• Correct Order: Anoxygenic photosynthesis, Oxygenic photosynthesis, Anaerobic respiration, Aerobic respiration.

Question 11: Early Earth Life

• False Statement: Oceans were present on Earth from the moment of its formation 4.6 Imes 10^9 years ago.

Question 12: Protists

• Grouping: Protists are a polyphyletic grouping made of mostly unicellular Eukaryotes.

Question 13: Complex Multicellularity

• True Statement: It requires master regulatory genes to map and grow a 3-D body plan.

• False Statements: It evolved a single time early in the Eukaryotic lineage, its evolution likely required higher atmospheric carbon dioxide, Most or all cells retained a full range of functions, including reproduction.

Question 14: Spores in Plant Life Cycles

• Spores Grow Into: Gametophyte.

Question 15: Fungi

• True Statements:

  • Fungi were important for both plant and fungal groups conquering the land.

  • Fungi represent a monophyletic group of organisms that are all multicellular.

Question 16: Traits Shared by All Animals

• Shared Trait: Heterotrophic metabolism.

Question 17: Gastrulation

• False Statement: A unique gastrulation process in Arthropods contributed to the huge diversity of the group which includes the insects.

Question 18: Sponges vs. Cnidarians

• Not a Difference: One is an animal and one is not

Question 19: Cnidarians vs. Bilaterians

• Not a Difference: Only one of these groups has the ability to capture prey

Question 20: Humans and Echinoderms

• Link: They are both Deuterostomes.

Question 21: Wings in Birds, Bats, and Insects

• Evolution Type: Analogous; convergent.

Question 22: Evolution of Modern Humans

• False Statement: Over time, hominins evolved smaller brain cases and increased hair density.

Section 2: Free Response Questions

Question 1: Sexual Reproduction and Ploidy

• Meiosis: Process by which gametes are made.

• Gametes: Haploid.

• Zygote: Diploid.

Question 2: Female Choice Hypotheses

• Direct Benefits: Males gift something to females.

• Good Genes: Males with symmetrical, energetically expensive features must have good genes.

• Sexy Sons: Traits that originally reflected fitness have experienced runaway selection.

Question 3: Female Investment in Offspring

• Reasons: Eggs require more energy to make, females often carry the zygote during development, females often do parental care.

• Approach: Quality over quantity.

Question 4: Lake Trout Speciation

• Biological Species Concept: Lake trout need to reproduce to make fertile offspring to be considered the same species.

• Reproductive Isolation: Habitat isolation.

• Type of Speciation: Allopatric.

• Possible Outcomes When Groups Come Back Into Contact:

  • Join back into one species (fuse/merge).

  • Stay separate (reinforcement).

  • Stability (hybrids continue to be made).

Question 5: Defining Life

• Things That Define Life: Grow, respond to environment, reproduce, pass on traits, do metabolism, maintain homeostasis, made of cells.

Question 6: Domains of Life

• Domains:

  • 1: Bacteria

  • 2: Archaea

  • 3: Eukaryotes

Question 7: Prokaryotes

• Groups 1 and 2 (Bacteria and Archaea) together are called Prokaryotes.

Question 8: Mass Extinction Events

• Possible Causes and Consequences:

  • Volcanoes -> ash, light/temperature changes.

  • Asteroids -> death + ash.

  • Plate collisions -> death + land changes.

  • Changing sea levels -> death of aquatics.

Question 9: Endosymbiosis

• Endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria led to the evolution of mitochondria, and later in plants, the evolution of chloroplasts.

Question 10: Phylogeny of Plants

• Group A: Mosses / Bryophytes

• Group B: Ferns / Seedless vascular plants

• Group C: Gymnosperms

• Group D: Angiosperms

• Innovation at Point 1: Cuticle, stomates, alteration of generations

• Innovation at Point 2: Vascular tissue

• Innovation at Point 3: Seeds

Question 11: Angiosperm Diversity

• Additional Traits: Flowers + fruits.

Question 12: Chordate Evolution

• Traits and Their Importance:

  • Jaws (Gnathostomes): Enhanced feeding, prey capture.

  • Amniotic Egg (Amniotes): Eggs won't dry out, less reliance on water for reproduction.

Question 13: Uniquely Human Traits

• Uniquely Human Traits: Bipedal locomotion, larger brain size, shorter gut, less body hair, bigger newborns, Loss of penis bone, Handedness, Emotional weeping, advanced cognition / consciusness.