speech & Hearing

Chap 1

Speech

physical phenomenon, acoustic signal, made by speech articulators

Acoustics

deals with production, control, transmission, reception, effects of soundand its interaction with various environments.

bioacoustics

study of sound made by or affecting living things

sound

vibration caused by pressure

Brownian motion

air molecules move fast + random

compression

molecules get displaced > concentration in one spot > ⬆ P in that spot

Vibration

caused by repetition of compression and rarefaction

Kinetic Theory

Molecules in gas move randomly = collisions = creates P

simple harmonic

the force that moves an object in one direction is directly proportional to the force that moves it in the opposite direction (ex: grandfather clock) (creates pure tone)

P am

equilibrium

CPS

cycles per second

frequency

number of CPS

P pos

P in area is ⬆ than P atmos

P neg

P in area is ⬇ than P atmos

laminar

smooth airflow, nothing constricting/ in the way

Turbulent

rough airflow, constricting/ air moving in all different directions

rarefaction

molecules try to get back to OG position > they overshoot and go past OG position > become farther apart > ⬇ P

period

time for 1 cycle to occur

periodic

wave where every cycle takes the same amount of time, systematically related

Aperiodic

wave where every cycle takes different amount of time

wavelength

measurement of distance traveled by a sound wave

velocity

How fast the wave moves

pure tones

from SHM, only 1 frequency is graphed, smooth, repetitive

amplitude

LOUDNESS, amount of displacement from equ. over time

pitch

FREQUENCY, distance between where equ. is crossed

waveform

graph with time on horizontal axis & amplitude on vertical

complex sounds

2+ frequencies, when waves of different frequencies combine/ interfere with each other

fundamental frequency

lowest frequency (think lowest = foundation = fundamental)

harmonics

whole # multiples of F o, ^ by OG # every time

absorption

damping of a wave, fades sound, soft/ porous/ rough/ textured

reflection

sound bounces + travels in opposite direction, hard/ smooth (think MIRROR)

refraction

when wave changes direction because of difference in temperature in the air, refraction = refry = cooking = temperature, (think REFRY)

constructive

increased amplitude, waves combine because they start @ same phase

destructive

decreased amplitude, waves cancel each other out because they start at different phases

phase

relative timing of areas of ⬆ and ⬇ P waves

speech

The physical act of producing sounds

communication disorder

Impairment in speech, language, hearing, or communication

fluency

The flow and rhythm of speech