AP Chemistry Unit 1 Atomic Structure and Properties. [Part 1, Naming Compounds]

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter

Periods

Rows on the periodic table are called _____ (1-7)

Groups / Families

Columns on the periodic table are called _____ (1-18)

Valence Electrons

Elements in the same group on the periodic table have the same number of ________

Cations

Positive ions (losing electrons)

Anions

Negative ions (gaining electrons

Ion

A charged atom that has lost or gained electrons

Metalloids / Semi-metals

These on the periodic table have a combination of metal / non-metal properties

Ionic Compound

This is a A metal + nonmetal compound (binary)

• Metals lose electrons

• Nonmetals gain electrons

• Electron Transfer from a metal to a nonmetal

The metal now has more protons than electrons ⇒ cation (+)

The non-metal now has more electrons than protons ⇒ anion (-)

• Opposites attract and an ionic bond is created

Ionic Bond

An electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Formula Unit

Simplest representative particle of an ionic compound

ALWAYS has to be neutral

Lattice

Ionic bonds form a ______ structure

Monoatomic

These are ions with only 1 atom

Alkali Metals

This family is in row 1 of the periodic table

Usually lose an electron

• The most reactive metals

• Cs is the most reactive

• Soft, can be cut with a butter knife

Alkali Earth Metals

This family is in row 2 of the periodic table

Usually lose 2 electrons

Transition Metals

This family is in rows 3-12 of the periodic table and experience no trend

Halogens

This family is in row 17 of the periodic table

• Most reactive nonmetals

  • Are all diatomic naturally

Noble Gases

This family is row 18 on the periodic table. These elements do not react

Multivalent Ions

Transition metals that have more than 1 possible charge

Polyatomic Ions

 Covalent compounds with 2 or more nonmetals with a charge

Hydrates

Solid compounds that release water when heated

• Water molecules are loosely bonded at regular intervals

• CuSO₄ * 5H₂O ⇒ Ionic name, dot, number of waters

  • Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

Acid

A compound containing hydrogen and a nonmetal or a polyatomic ion in the aqueous state

Binary Acid

This type of acid only has 2 elements: hydrogen and another one (hydro_____ic acid)

Ternary Acid

This type of acid has hydrogen and a polyatomic ion (“_____(ic/ous) acid”)

Covalent

This type of compound contains 2 or more non mentals bonded together in a specific way

Organic Compounds

These compounds are Made primarily from carbon bonded to nonmetals

• Hydrocarbons: The simplest type of organic molecules. Contain only H and C

• Saturated: All single bonds

• Unsaturated: double or triple bonds, or ring form

Hydrocarbons

The simplest type of organic molecules, containing only H and C

Saturated

This type of organic compound has all single bonds

Unsaturated

This type of organic compound has double or triple bonds, or is in a ring form

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons using all single bonds (-ane)

• General Formula: C_nH_2n+2

Alkenes

These are hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond ('-ene)

Alkynes

These are hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond (-yne)

Alcohol

A type of substituted hydrocarbon

• OH is added (remove “-e” and add “-ol”

  • Methanol, propanol

Carboxylic Acid

A type of substituted hydrocarbon

• Remove H, add COOH (remove “-e”, add “-oic acid”)

  • Methanoic Acid

Meth

Prefix for organic compounds: 1

Eth

Prefix for organic compounds: 2

Prop

Prefix for organic compounds: 3

But

Prefix for organic compounds: 4