PHYSIO 2 A+ IN SHA ALLAH

What embryonic tissue forms the adrenal medulla?

Neural crest ectoderm

Which adrenal zone produces aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa

What stimulates cortisol release?

ACTH

What's the epinephrine:norepinephrine ratio?

4:1

What are cortisol's metabolic effects?

Protein breakdown

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Alpha cells

What's insulin's main function?

Lower blood glucose

What hormone opposes insulin?

Glucagon

What determines genetic sex?

XX or XY chromosomes

What drives male development?

Testosterone/DHT

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Seminiferous tubules

What do Leydig cells produce?

Testosterone

What hormone starts labor?

Oxytocin

What maintains the corpus luteum?

hCG

What causes menopause symptoms?

Estrogen withdrawal

Where does oogenesis happen?

Ovarian follicles

What's the HPA axis pathway?

CRH→ACTH→Cortisol

What inhibits prolactin in pregnancy?

Estrogen

What starts puberty?

GnRH surge

What do pregnancy tests detect?

hCG

What causes milk ejection?

Oxytocin

What's special about colostrum?

High antibodies

What's undescended testes called?

Cryptorchidism

What's PCOS's main feature?

High androgens

What's endometriosis?

Ectopic uterine tissue

Why is scrotum cooler?

For sperm production

What converts T4 to T3?

5'-deiodinase

What's the acrosome's job?

Penetrate egg

What do Sertoli cells do?

Support sperm development

What's capacitation?

Sperm activation

What does corpus luteum secrete?

Progesterone

What causes hot flashes?

Vasomotor instability

What does prostate gland make?

Alkaline fluid

What's FSH's role in males?

Start spermatogenesis

What's LH's role in males?

Stimulate testosterone

What do seminal vesicles produce?

Fructose-rich fluid

What's normal vaginal pH?

3.8-4.5

What prevents polyspermy?

Zona reaction

Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes

What's hPL's function?

Prepares for lactation

What does relaxin do?

Loosens ligaments

What's the Ferguson reflex?

Oxytocin release

What does inhibin do?

Lowers FSH

What do theca cells make?

Androgens

What do granulosa cells do?

Make estrogens

What's SRY gene's role?

Starts male development

What do Wolffian ducts become?

Male reproductive tract

What's androgen insensitivity?

XY female phenotype

What's Klinefelter syndrome?

XXY

What's Turner syndrome?

XO

What's the acrosome reaction?

Enzymes release

What forms placenta?

Trophoblast

When are fetal movements felt?

~20 weeks

What's main pregnancy estrogen?

Estriol

What makes progesterone late in pregnancy?

Placenta

What assesses newborns?

APGAR score

What's postpartum bleeding called?

Lochia

What's lactational amenorrhea?

Temporary infertility

What's breast inflammation?

Mastitis

What's strongest natural estrogen?

Estradiol

What breaks down corpus luteum?

PGF2α

What stimulates GnRH?

Kisspeptin

What's no sperm called?

Azoospermia

What's low sperm count?

Oligospermia

What's abnormal sperm shape?

Teratospermia

What's poor sperm movement?

Asthenospermia

What's enlarged scrotal veins?

Varicocele

What's ED's main cause?

Vascular issues

What's prolonged erection?

Priapism

What's tight foreskin?

Phimosis

What's PID?

Pelvic inflammatory disease

What's uterine tumor?

Fibroid

What's pregnancy outside uterus?

Ectopic pregnancy

What's placenta over cervix?

Placenta previa

What's early placenta separation?

Abruptio

What's pregnancy hypertension?

Preeclampsia

What's severe preeclampsia?

HELLP syndrome

What's pregnancy diabetes?

Gestational diabetes

What's Rh disease?

Erythroblastosis fetalis

What's low amniotic fluid?

Oligohydramnios

What's high amniotic fluid?

Polyhydramnios

What's early genetic test?

CVS

What's amniotic fluid test?

Amniocentesis

What's best pregnancy test?

Blood hCG

When can hCG first be detected?

8-11 days

How fast does hCG rise?

Doubles every 48-72h

What softens cervix?

Relaxin

What helps fetal growth?

hPL

What may start labor?

CRH

What's estrogen precursor?

DHEA

What maintains pregnancy?

Progesterone

What grows uterus?

Estrogen

What shrinks uterus postpartum?

Oxytocin

What makes milk?

Prolactin

What's milk ejection?

Let-down reflex

What secretes milk?

Alveoli

What carries milk?

Lactiferous ducts

What's milk sugar?

Lactose

What binds iron in milk?

Lactoferrin

What kills bacteria in milk?

Lysozyme