Intro to Exercise Physiology Exam 1

Anatomy

The study of structure of living organisms

Physiology

The study of how something works (functions)

6 Criteria for life

• organization

• response from stimuli

• growth

• reproduction

• movement

• metabolism and excretion

5 Requirements to sustain life

• oxygen

• water

• nutrients

• heat

• atomospheric pressure

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively stable environment by self-regulating physiological processes

Negative feedback

Decrease a change (stay in our set values)

Positive Feedback

Body triggers responses to amplify or increase change

Cell

Smallest unit of life

Tissues

Group of cells working together

Organ

Arranged in functional groups to coordinate functions

Organs involved with integumentary system

Hair, skin, and nails

Functions of integumentary system

• protection

• insulation

• regulation of water and temperature

Organs involved with skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, membranous structures

Functions of the skeletal system

• support

• blood production

• fat & mineral storage

• protection

Organs in the muscular system

Muscles, fasciae, tendon

Functions of the muscular system

• movement

• produces heat

Organs in the endocrine system

Endocrine glands

Functions of the endocrine system

• secretes hormones to regulate body functions

Organs in the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Functions of the nervous system

• control & regulation

• interpreting stimuli

Organs in the cardiovascular system

Blood, heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Transports substances to and from body cells

Organs in the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs

Functions of the lymphatic system

• drains tissues or excess fluids

• immunity

Organs in the respiratory system

Nose, pharynx, lungs, trachea, bronchi

Functions of the respiratory system

• oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange

• pH regulation

• sound production

Organs in the digestive system

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Functions of the digestive system

Digests food and absorbs nutrients

Organs in the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Functions of the urinary system

• chemical regulation of blood

• formation & elimination

• maintain homeostasis

Organs in the male reproductive system

Testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis

Functions of the male reproductive system

Maintain sexual characteristics and allow the continuation of species

Organs in the female reproductive system

Ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

Functions of the female reproductive systems

Maintain sexual characteristics and allow the continuation of species

Cephalic

Toward the head

Posterior

Towards the back

Anterior

Towards the front

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Towards the outside

Proximal

Towards the top of the limb

Distal

Toward the end of the limb

Sagittal plane

Right and left halves

Frontal plane

Front and back sections

Transverse planes

Top and bottom parts

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Element

A pure substance made up of only atoms of the same atomic number

4 most abundant elements in the body

• oxygen

• carbon

• hydrogen

• nitrogen

Atomic number

How many protons in an atom

Atomic mass

Weight of nucleus (protons & neutrons)

Atoms

Smallest single unit of an element

Isotopes

An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons than protons and electrons

Molecule

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Compound

A molecule made of atoms from different elements

Ionic bonds

Atoms bond by donating or receiving electrons

Ion

Electrical charged atom

Cation

Positively charged

Anion

Negatively charged

Covalent bonds

Atom share electrons to form molecules

Nonpolar covalent bond

• shared electrons spend equal time revolving between 2 atoms, making the molecule electrically neutral

• hydrophobic

Polar covalent bonds

• unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

• hydrophobic

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attractive forces between a slightly positive and slightly negative area of polar molecules

Chemical reactions

Process of making ionic or covalent

Synthesis

Reactions use small reactants to create larger products

Anabolic reactions

Small molecules are assembled into large ones (energy is required)

Catabolic reactions

Large molecules are broken down into small ones (energy is released)

Enzyme

Speed up reaction

Hydrolysis

Water breaks down larger molecules

Salts

• activate nerves to cause muscles to move

• conduit info from environment to the brain

• allow brain cells to talk to each other

Acid

• substances that release hydrogen ions (H+)

• stronger the acid the greater ionization - greater concentration of H+

Base

• substances that decreases concentration of H+

• stronger the base the greater the ability to combine with H+

pH

• less than 7 - acidic

• = 7 - neutral

• more than 7 - more basic

Buffer

A substance that resists a change in pH

Carbohydrates

• main fuel during high intensity exercise

• stored in small amounts in liver and muscle as glycogen

• liver glycogen can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations (muscle glycogen can’t)

Glycogen

Long chain (polymer) of glucose molecules that has many branches

Starch

Polymer of glucose with few side branches found in plants

Lipids

• most concentrated source of energy

• fuel for most cells at rest

• fat protects vital organs

• fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

• important constitutes of the cell membrane

• cholesterol is precursor to bile and some hormones

• triglycerides is a “fat” (1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

Phospholipid

• similar to triglycerides but has a phosphate group

• phosphate group is soluble in water but not in lipids

• end with 2 fatty acids is nonpolar and lipid-soluble

• major components of plasma cell membranes

Steroids

• essential component of body cells

• cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones

Proteins

• made up of amino acids

• make up hair, nail, tendons, ligaments, muscles

• some proteins function as enzymes

• 20 different amino acids found in the proteins of humans

• amino acids are joined onto the next by peptide bonds

• the sequence of amino acids gives a protein its structure and function

Nucleic acid

• largest macromolecule in the body

• DNA

• RNA

• ATP

DNA

• contains genetic code

• 2 strands of nucleotides

• backbone - deoxyribose sugars and phosphate guanine

RNA

• half of a copied version

• carries the coded instructions to cellular machinery that create proteins

• 1 strand of nucleotides

• backbone - ribose sugar and phosphate

ATP

• adenosine triphosphate

• modified nucleotide

• adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

• last 2 phosphates joined by high-energy phosphate bonds

• provides immediate energy to the cell

3 Common Parts

• cell membrane (plasma membrane)

• cytoplasm

• nucleus

Plasma membrane

• outer covering of the cell

• fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules

• hydrophilic heads face the extracellular and intracellular fluids

• hydrophobic tails form the internal layer

• the membrane is semipermeable (allows some substance through, restricts others)

Functions of the plasma membrane

• protective

• regulate transport in and out of cell domain

• allow cell recognition

• specialized junctions that allow for adhesion and communication

• site for enzymatic reactions

• allow directed cell or organelle motility

Carrier proteins

Physically bind/transport specific water-soluble substances across cell membrane

Marker proteins

Identify the cell to other cells

Receptor proteins

Allow the cell to receive chemical/hormone/neurotransmitter input

Channel proteins

Create proteins that allow water and water-soluble substances across cell membrane

Passive transport

• moves along the concentration gradient

• no ATP required

Diffusion

• random molecular movement

• size of the molecule is a factor

Osmosis

Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

A blood cell is placed in a solution that causes water to move out

Isotonic

Water is moving in and out of a normal functioning cell

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell

Active transport

A cell uses energy to move substances from low to high concentration across the cell membrane

Endocytosis

The process where cells engulf material into the cell

Pinocytosis

Engulfment of small liquid droplets from extracellular fluid and brought into the cell

Phagocytosis

Engulfment of solid particles and brought into cell