Female Reproduction

Week 15: Tuesday, December 2nd: Reproduction: Males (cont.); Reproduction: Females; Week 15: Thursday, December 4th: Female Reproduction (cont.)

the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _______ and _______

LH and FSH

LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries to release _______ and _______, which stimulates the hypothalamus to induce _______

estrogen, progesterone, estrus (sexual receptivity)

estrogen and progesterone stimulate _______ and _______, and prepare the uterus for implantation and pregnancy

follicular growth, ovulation

in the ovarian cortex, _______ and _______ cells produce steroid hormones estrogen, progesterone, and androgens

granulosa, theca

in the ovarian cortex, granulosa and theca cells produce peptide hormones _______, _______, and _______

inhibin, relaxin, paracrine growth factors

in the ovarian hillum, _______ and _______ enter the ovaries

nerves, blood vessels

before birth, primoridal germ cells move from the _______ to the _______, then divide into 7 million via _______. only some become _______ via mitosis 1

cortex, ovary, mitosis, primary oocytes

at birth, how many eggs does each ovary have?

2 million

at puberty, how many eggs does each ovary have?

400,000

after puberty, one primary oocyte enters _______, and is released into the _______ monthly.

meiosis 2, oviduct

during _______, 300-400 oocytes are released during reproductive years, then the remaining die

menopause

the ovarian cycle conisists of what three phases/events?

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

most primary follices are at rest. when a few start to grow:

1. the _______ forms (membrane surrounding th e oocyte that sperm breaks through for fertilization)

2. _______ grow and multiply in 120 days (surrounds the oocyte)

3. internal and external _______ forms

4. _______ filled with fluid forms

5. _______ grow in response to FSH, but only one survives to dominate

1. zona pellucida

2. granulosa cells

3. theca folliculi

4. antrum

5. antral follicles

during _______, LH stimulates the release of an oocyte and fluid into the _______, into the oviduct for possible fertilization

ovulation, peritoneal cavity

during ovulation, the remaining Graafian follicle becomes the _______, which becomes the _______ if the oocyte isnt implanted

corpus lutem, corpus albicans

the Graafian follicle, which is dominant, inhibits other follicles via negative feedback during the _______, which prevents other follicles from growing because the developing follicle releases _______ and _______ to inhibit FSH and LH release

follicular phase, estradiol, inhibin B

the Graafian follicle, which is dominant, inhibits other follicles via positive feedback during the midcycle, which increases FSH for follicle growth because the _______ releases estradiol to increase GnRH, FSH, and LH

preovulatory follicle

the Graafian follicle, which is dominant, inhibits other follicles via negative feedback during the _______, which prevents other eggs from being released because the corpus luteum releases _______ and _______ to inhibit FSH and LH release, and _______ to inhibit GnRN release

luteal phase, estradiol, inhibin A, progesterone

estradiol production involves the following steps:

1. LH binds to _______ on theca cells, stimulating _______ to activate P450c17

2. cholesterol enters _______ cells, and is converted into _______ via StAR, which moves into _______ cells, then is converted into _______ via p45017

3. androstendione moves across the _______, into granulosar cells to be converted into _______ via aromatase

1. G⍺s, CREB

2. granulosa, pregnenelone, theca, androstendione

3. basal lamina, estradiol

the uterine cycle conisists of what three phases/events?

menstruation, proliferation phase, secretory phase

during which ovarian cycle phase does the following occur? (early follicular, late follicular, ovulation, early luteal or late luteal):

1. FSH and LH increase

2. follicles grow from low FHS levels

3. estrogen is high

4. progesterone is low

5. the endometrium of the uterus sheds (menstruation)

early follicular

during which ovarian cycle phase does the following occur? (early follicular, late follicular, ovulation, early luteal or late luteal):

1. follicles grow and increase estrogen

2. LH and FSH increase

3. progesterone increases in response to LH

4. the endometrium layer grows in response to progesterone

late follicular

during which ovarian cycle phase does the following occur? (early follicular, late follicular, ovulation, early luteal or late luteal):

1. LH is at its highest

2. an egg is released form the corpus luteum

ovulation

during which ovarian cycle phase does the following occur? (early follicular, late follicular, ovulation, early luteal or late luteal):

1. the corpus luteum forms and secretes estrogen and progesterone

2. FHS and LH decrease

3. the endometrium gland secretion increases

early luteal

during which ovarian cycle phase does the following occur? (early follicular, late follicular, ovulation, early luteal or late luteal):

1. estrogen and progesterone drop if the corpus luteum degenerates

2. FSH and LH increase

late luteal

what are three distinct differences in hormone secretions between the sexes? (think about when gametes are present and for how long, and what kind of hormone feedback mechanisms are present)

1. only females gave gametes before puberty

2. females have both positive and negative feedback; men only have negative feedback

3. at some point, females stop producing eggs; males usually always produce sperm

the placenta releases _______, which continues functions of the corpus luteum

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)