Cognitive Psych

Incidental Memory

Trying not to remember information because it no longer is important

Retrieval Induced Forgetting

Recalling some details of an event decreases memory for other details

Implicit Memory

Using the memory system, but being unaware of it (e.g., priming)

Schema

Organizing framework for a situation and the structures present in it

Source Monitoring

Knowing item was presented on list vs. internally activated, or was an external event vs. an imagined event

Proactive Interference

Learning a new computer system is difficult because memory for the old system causes confusion

Misinformation Effect

Information obtained after an event (e.g., news reports) becomes part of a memory, or distorts a memory

Retroactive Interference

Learning in a later class disrupts memory for an earlier class material

Metacognition

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the human cognitive system

Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Recalling some details of an event decreases memory for other details

Elizabeth Loftus

Cognitive psychologist known for research on memory malleability, especially in eyewitness testimony, demonstrating how question wording can create false memories.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Illustrates memory decline over time without rehearsal, showing how retention decreases predictably if not reviewed.

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Illusion of Truth

Cognitive bias where repeated statements are perceived as true, regardless of accuracy, like believing a false claim due to frequent exposure.

Cryptomnesia

Unintentional retrieval of forgotten memory presented as new, where the individual is unaware of its origin, like unknowingly replicating a song heard before.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

This study shows how memory retention decreases over time without practice.

Prospective Memory

the ability to remember to carry out a planned action at the right moment.

Flashbulb memory

most likely to form when there is a crisis of widespread cultural and emotional significance.

Spreading activation

where thinking about one concept automatically activates related concepts in memory. It's like a network of interconnected ideas in your brain, where one thought leads to another without conscious effort, facilitating the retrieval of associated information.

Working memory

Limited capacity, limited duration (seconds to minutes)

Sensory Memory

Very large capacity, very short duration (milliseconds to seconds)

Automized tasks

effortless, fast, and unconscious.

childhood amnesia

refers to the phenomenon where adults have limited or no memory of events that occurred during early childhood, typically before the age of three or four.

recency effect

phenomenon observed in memory recall tasks where individuals are more likely to remember items presented at the end of a list or sequence.

memory decay

the process by which memories become less accessible or fade over time.

reminiscence bump

psychological phenomenon characterized by the tendency for individuals to recall more autobiographical memories from their adolescence and early adulthood compared to other periods of their lives.

Retroactive interference

newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

primacy effect

phenomenon where individuals tend to remember items presented at the beginning of a list or sequence more effectively than those presented in the middle or at the end.

overwriting

refers to the process of replacing or erasing existing data with new data

A therapy technique linked to the creation of false memories is ____________.

hypnosis

priming

when something you see, hear, or experience influences how you respond to something else later on, even if you're not aware of it.

imagination inflation

phenomenon where repeatedly imagining an event or situation can lead to the creation or inflation of false memories associated with that event.

dual coding theory

there are two primary ways that information is stored in memory: verbally and visually.

Explicit memory

refers to usages of memory that we are aware of

implicit memory

involves memory outside our level of awareness."

Exemplar models

a specific example or instance of a category that is stored in memory. It's like a specific memory or example that represents what something in a category looks or feels like.

Prototype model

a typical or average example of a category that represents its general features. It's like a standard or typical image or idea that represents a group of similar things.

Scooter Libby effect

psychological phenomenon related to memory errors and false memories.

Desirable difficulties

suggests introducing challenges or obstacles during the learning process can actually enhance long-term retention and understanding.