BIO Chapt test

Diploid

Result if the union of a Haploid egg cell and a haploid sperm cell

Science of Genetics

Studies how these characteristics are inhereted

Chromosome

made of DNA molecules coiled around histones

Gene

Describe the specific sequence of DNA

Genome

set of genes found in a cell responsible for characteristics of an individual

Homologous chromosomes

pair of paternal and maternal chromosomes that are the same

I chromosome

249 million DNA

Alleles

one or two of more alternative forms of gene

Genotype

totality of the genetic makeup of an individual

Phenotype

observable expressions of particular genotype

homozygous

two similar alleles are present in a pair

heterozygous

two different alleles are paired

Dominant Allele

alleles that is expressed in a heterozygous condition

Recessive Allele

Alleles that are NOT expressed in a heterozygous condition

Gregor Johann Mendel

Father of Genetics

Monohybrid Cross

a cross involving single trait or one trait inheritance

Parental Generation

A cross of purebred (homozygous) parents

F1 (FIrst Filial Generations)

product of the Parental Generation

F2 (Second Filial Generation)

product of the self-fertilization of the products of F1

Homozygous Alleles

same alleles

Heterozygous Alleles

different Alleles

Genotype

Genetic makeup

Phenotype

Physical Makeup

THe Law of Segregation

during the formation of gametes paired units segragate randomly

Dihybrid Cross

cross involving two traits

Law of Independent Assortment

Segregating pairs of unit factors are assorted indepedently

Codminance

two dominant alleles are present

incomplete dominance

no dominant allele is present

Lethal Genes

certain combinations of alleles will result to the death of the carrier

Multiple Alleles

more than two alleles exist in a certain character

agglutinin

substance that makes particles coagulate

agglutinogens

A and B antigens, used for blood typing

Rhesus (Rh) Factor

inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells

Polygenic Inheritance

Traits controlled by two or more genes

albinism

absence of chlorophyll in green plants

continuous traits

observed following a continuous range or degree of expression

Polygenes

genes involved in polygenic inheritance

Sex-Linked inheritance

inheritance of genes located in the sex chromosmes

Autosomes

Genes located in a chromosome type

Sex Chromosomes

responsible for the sex or gender of the carrier

X Chromosme

submetacentric chromosome having an arm shorter than the other (156 million base pairs)

Y Chromsome

relatively smaller telocentric chromosome (57 million base pairs)

Ishihara Test

common color perception test to determine color blindness

Hemophilia A

genetic disorder caused by missing or defective factor VIII, a clotting protein

Sex-influenced Inheritance

Autosomal traits whose expression of dominance is affected by the sex of the individual

spina bifida

congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed

Pleiotropy

A condition when one gene causes several effects (multiple traits)

syndrome

a group of symptoms that appear simultaneously

Pedigree Chart

a genetic family tree that shows the memebers of a family affected by a certain trait that is being traced

Karyotype

A picture of all chromosomes in a cell

Turner Syndrome

Chromosomal conditon that alters development in females

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Third copy of chromosome 21