PART 1 ANAT & PHYS REVIEW

Anatomy

the study of the form and composition of the body’s structures

Physiology

the study of the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

Homeostasis

the steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Negative Feedback Loop

A homeostasis mechanism that stabilizes an upset in the body by preventing excessive response to a stimulus; sweating

Positive Feedback Loop

a homeostasis mechanism that intensifies a change in the body in response to stimulus; birth

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, each arm hanging on either side of the body, palms facing forward

Midsagittal plane

Runs directly down the middle of the body (aka “medial plane”)

Transverse plane

Runs through the middle of the body horizontally, splits body superiorly and inferiorly

Frontal plane

runs along the side of the body and splits the posterior and anterior sides of the body (aka “coronal plane”)

Protein Conformation

The three-dimensional shape or structure of a protein molecule

Protein Denaturation

The alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure, leading to loss of its original shape and biological function

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

used to fuel bodily functions and processes

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Enzyme

Protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

Functions of Proteins

• Catalyze biochemical reactions

• Structural support

• Transport of substances

• Cell signaling

• Immune Defense

• Storage

• Gene Expression

• Movement

• Hormonal Regulation

• Receptor Function

Mitochondria

Cellular organelle that produces most of the cellular ATP

Exocytosis

export of a substance outside of the cell by a vesicle

Phagocytosis

import of a substance via vesicle

Phospholipids

the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Ligands

molecules in the cell membrane serve as receptors or binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers

Microvilli

• increase surface area

• found in epithelial cells, which specialize in absorption of nutrients

Major components of cytoplasm

Cytosol, organelles, inclusions