What is anatomy? What is physiology?

1. Anatomy: the study of the form and composition of the body’s structures

2. Physiology: the study of the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

What is homeostasis?

1. Homeostasis: the steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Describe negative feedback loop. Positive feedback loop. Give an example of both.

1. Negative Feedback Loop: A homeostasis mechanism that stabilizes an upset in the body by preventing excessive response to a stimulus; sweating

2. Positive Feedback Loop: a homeostasis mechanism that intensifies a change in the body in response to stimulus; birth

Describe the anatomical position.

1. Anatomical position: Standing upright, facing forward, each arm hanging on either side of the body, palms facing forward

Describe the body planes.

1. Midsagittal plane: Runs directly down the middle of the body (aka “medial plane”)

2. Transverse plane: Runs through the middle of the body horizontally, splits body superiorly and inferiorly

3. Frontal plane: runs along the side of the body and splits the posterior and anterior sides of the body (aka “coronal plane”)

Know the anterior and posterior body landmarks and cavities.

What is protein conformation?

1. Protein Conformation: The three-dimensional shape or structure of a protein molecule

What is protein denaturation?

1. Protein Denaturation: The alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure, leading to loss of its original shape and biological function

What is ATP and how does the body use the molecule?

1. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): used to fuel bodily functions and processes

What are the four primary organic molecules?

1. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What is an enzyme?

1. Enzyme: Protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

What are the functions of proteins?

1. Catalyze biochemical reactions

2. Structural support

3. Transport of substances

4. Cell signaling

5. Immune Defense

6. Storage

7. Gene Expression

8. Movement

9. Hormonal Regulation

10. Receptor Function

In what cellular organelle is most of the cellular ATP produced?

1. Mitochondrion

Describe exocytosis.

1. Exocytosis: export of a substance outside of the cell by a vesicle

Describe phagocytosis.

1. Phagocytosis: import of a substance via vesicle

What are the molecules that make up a cell membrane?

1. Phospholipids

What molecules in the cell membrane serve as receptors or binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers?

1. Ligands

What is the function of microvilli? What kind of cells would they be found in and what are these cells specialized for?

1. Function of Microvilli: increase surface area

2. Found in epithelial cells, which specialize in absorption of nutrients

What are the three major components of cytoplasm?

1. Cytosol, organelles, inclusions

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

1. Ribosomes on rough ER produce proteins for cell functions

In what type of cells would you expect to find numerous mitochondria?

1. Cells with high energy demands (especially if involved in aerobic respiration); Muscle cells, Liver cells, Neurons, Adipocytes

What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution? In a hypertonic solution?

1. Hypotonic: solution moves into the cell body and swells up/bursts

2. Hypertonic: solution moves out of cell body and shrivels up/shrinks

What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?

1. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

What is the base pair rule for DNA?

1. Adenine pairs with Thymine

2. Cytosine pairs with Guanine

What are the parts of a DNA nucleotide? Parts of a RNA nucleotide?

1. DNA nucleotide: Phosphate group, Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous base

2. RNA nucleotide: Phosphate group, Ribose Sugar, Nitrogenous base (A, U, G, C)

What are the stages of mitosis? What happens in each stage?

1. Interphase; chromosomes make an exact copy then thicken and coil

2. Prophase; nucleolus disappears and chromosomes condense and become more visible

3. Metaphase; chromosomes line up with each sister chromatid attached to a spindle fiber

4. Anaphase; sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles

5. Telophase; chromosomes at opposite poles and a nuclear material envelopes the set of chromosomes.

6. Cytokinesis; daughter cells separate

What are the two parts of protein synthesis and in what part of the cell do each occur in?

1. Transcription and translation; nucleus then cytoplasm

How many nitrogen bases (nucleotides) are needed to translate to an amino acid?

1. 3

What does haploid mean? Give an example. What does diploid mean? Give an example?

1. Haploid: containing one set of chromosomes; sperm and egg cells

What kind of tissue is used for insulation?

1. Adipose tissue

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

1. Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, reception

What kind of tissue is avascular?

1. Epithelial and cartilage tissue

What kind of epithelial tissue lines the stomach and intestines?

1. Simple columnar epithelium

What kind of tissue is composed of several layers of flat cells?

1. Stratified squamous epithelium

Describe serous, parietal, visceral and mucous membranes and where they might be found?

1. Serous: membrane that lines body cavities and covers organs to reduce friction; abdominal organs

2. Parietal: Outer layer of a serous membrane, covering cavity walls; also lines body cavities, ex. abdominal organs

3. Visceral: Inner layer of a serous membrane, covering organs; surrounds organs within body cavities, around the heart

4. Mucous: Moist membrane with epithelial layer, secreting mucus; Lines passages with external connections (e.g., digestive, respiratory tracts).

What are the layers of the skin?

1. Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

In what layer of the skin would you find the fastest rate of mitosis?

1. Basale

What is a hematoma? What is jaundice?

1. Hematoma: bruise, collection of blood outside of the blood vessel

2. Jaundice: skin, whites of eyes, and mucous membranes turn yellow due to build up of bilirubin in blood

What are sebaceous glands?

1. Sebaceous glands: oil gland in dermis that helps lubricate and waterproof skin and hair by secreting sebum

What are apocrine glands?

1. Apocrine glands: sweat gland typically in hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions

The biggest concern for a patient with severe burns is ______

1. Risk of infection

Describe the types of bones and where they would be found in the human skeleton.

1. Long; Elongated with a shaft and expanded ends.

2. Short; Cube-shaped, found in wrists and ankles.

3. Flat; Thin and flattened, protective role.

4. Irregular; Complex shape, various functions

Bones develop from –

1. Ossification

What layer of the skin contains areolar and adipose tissue, stores fat, and is the site for drug injections?

1. Hypodermis

What are the cells called that break down bone?

1. Osteoclasts

What are the cells called that produce bone?

1. Osterblasts

Compare the epiphyseal plate with the epiphyseal line in adults.

1. Epiphyseal Plate: sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

2. Epiphyseal Line: Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

What is the name of the cartilage at each epiphysis of the long bones?

1. Hyaline Cartilage

What is osteoporosis?

1. Osteoporosis: disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

What kind of bone is found in the forearm?

1. Lone bone

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human skeleton?

1. 12

What is the name of the bone that is between the chin and larynx and does not connect with another bone?

1. Hyoid bone

What is the periosteum?

1. Periosteum: fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

What is the function of red marrow? Yellow marrow?

1. Red marrow: connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

2. Yellow marrow: connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

Describe compact bone? Describe spongy bone?

1. Compact bone: dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

   Spongy bone: (also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

What is the name of the canal that runs through the center of bone tissue? What is its function?

1. Haversian canal: allows bone to get oxygen and nutrition without being highly vascular.

What is a foramen?

1. Foramen: an opening, hole, or passage, especially in a bone

What are lacunae?

1. Lacunae: small spaces in a bone or cartilage that cells (osteocytes) occupy

Describe pronation, abduction, and dorsiflexion.

1. Pronation: forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position

2. Abduction: movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers

3. Dorsiflexion: movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg

What is the joint called when two bones that are joined together cannot move?

1. Synarthroses/fibrous joint

Describe a tendon sheath.

1. Tendon sheath: connective tissue that surrounds a tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint; contains a lubricating fluid to prevent friction and allow smooth movements of the tendon

A freely moveable joint is called –

1. synovial/diarthrosis

What is a bursa? A synovial membrane? A meniscus?

1. Bursa: connective tissue sac containing lubricating fluid that prevents friction between adjacent structures, such as skin and bone, tendons and bone, or between muscles

2. Synovial membrane: thin layer that lines the inner surface of the joint cavity at a synovial joint; produces the synovial fluid

3. Meniscus: articular disc