The price paid for the use of land and other natural resources that are completely fixed in total supply
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Incentive function
A high price provides an incentive to offer more of the resource, whereas a low price prompts resource suppliers to offer less
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Single-tax movement
Henry George; economic rent could be heavily taxed, or even taxed away, without diminishing the available supply of land or, therefore, the productive potential of the economy as a whole
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Loanable funds theory of interest
Explains the interest rate not in terms of the total supply of and demand for money but, rather, in terms of the supply of and demand for funds available for lending (and borrowing)
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Time-value of money
A specific amount of money is more valuable to a person the sooner it is obtained
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Future value
Amount to which some current amount of money will grow to as interest compounds over time; forward-looking
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Present value
Today’s value of amount of money to be received in the future
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Pure rate of interest
Best approximated by the interest paid on long-term, virtually riskless securities such as long-term bonds of the U.S. government (20-year Treasury bonds)
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Nominal interest rate
The rate of interest expressed in dollars of current value
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Real interest rate
Rate of interest expressed in purchasing power—dollars of inflation-adjusted value
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Innovations
________ undertaken by entrepreneurs entail uncertainty and the possibility of losses, not just the potential for increased profit.
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Usury laws
Specify a maximum interest rate at which loans can be made
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Economic profit
What remains after all costs—both explicit and implicit costs, the latter including a normal profit—have been subtracted from a firm’s total revenue
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Explicit costs
Payments made by firm to outsiders
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Implicit costs
The monetary income the firm sacrifices when it uses resources that it owns, rather than supplying those resources to the market
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Normal profit
Minimum payment necessary to retain the current line of production
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Static economy
One in which the basic forces such as resource supplies, technological knowledge, and consumer tastes are constant and unchanging
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Insurable risks
Avoid losses by paying annual fee to insurance company
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Uninsurable risks
Uncontrollable and unpredictable changes in the demand and supply conditions facing the firm (and hence its revenues and costs)
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Flashcard (92)