Psych 105 Midterm 1

Psych 105 Midterm 1

What is Dogmatism?

The tendency to stick to your beliefs

What are the 5 steps to conducting an experiment?

Theory/Background research

Hypothesis

Design Experiment

Collect Data

Analyze

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

Theory is explanation of something, cannot be inherently right, experimentation is not an option to prove it, you have to redefine it into a hypothesis

Hypothesis is Falsifiable prediction made off of a theory

What is the difference between Methods of Observation and Explanation?

Observations - What people do

Explanation - Why people do it

What is the Dependent Variable?

What is affected by what you change

What is the independent variable?

What you change

What is the Organismic/Participant Variable?

A characteristic a case has, may vary between cases (Age, Gender, Height)

What is a controlled variable

A variable held constant

What is operationalizing an independent variable?

How you implement what you are going to change in the experiment

What is operationalizing a Dependent variable?

How you measure what changes in the experiment

What is Construct Validity?

How well your test accurately asses what its supposed to

What is Content validity?

How representative the test is of what your looking for

What is Internal Validity?

How well the test is protected from influence from other factors/variables

What is External Validity?

Can you infer beyond you sample to the whole population?

What is Naturalistic observation?

Observing from the side, High external validity but low internal

What is Correlation design?

Study relationships between variables (Cannot prove causality though)

What is a case study?

Studying one specific case

• Low external validity

What is Self Selection?

Problem, when a participant has a trait that interferes with randomness of selection

What are Demand Characteristics?

When someone changes their behaviour due to what they think people want or expect

What is Observer Bias?

When an observers expectations change what they think they observed

What is a double blind study?

Can be used to avoid Observer bias (Neither observer or participant know what's going on)

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

When people change because they are being observed

What is Correlation?

Closer to one is more correlation, 0 means no correlation

• Negative is downward curve -1 is highest neg correlation

• Positive is upward curve +1 is highest pos correlation

What is The third variable problem?

Sometimes causation cannot be made because there is a hidden third variable messing things up

What the difference between a type I and II error?

Type I Error - When we think there's a relationship when there's not

Type II Error - When we think there is not a relationship when there is

What is Confirmation bias?

Processing info in a way that confirms their existing beliefs

What is Base rate fallacy?

 Ignoring relevant Statistical info for case specific info

What is Grammar?

Set of rules on how units of language produce meaning

What is a Phoneme?

(The smallest sound used for language) (th/a sounds)

What are phonological rules?

• How Phonemes can be used, differs across languages

  • Eg, think those languages that have two letters in the front that make no sense being there to you (ts in German)

  • Learned without instruction usually

What are Morphemes?

(The smallest Sounds used for language that has a meaning) (d- means nothing but dog does) (s- can also be a morpheme as it usually means plural)

What are morphological rules?

How Morphemes can be combines to form words

What are content and function morphemes?

• Content Morpheme- Things and events (dog/take)

• Function Morpheme - Grammatical functions like sentences together (and, or, but)

  • s- for pluralization, re- to attempt something again

What are syntactic rules?

• Syntactic Rules

  • How Words are combined, what counts as a sentence

  • What order they go in

What are the 3 characteristics of language development?

1. Children Learn Fast

2. Minimal Errors

   1. Overregularizing - Applying already learned grammar rules too broadly (I Runned/Ranned instead of ran, overregularization of ed-)

3. Comprehension developed faster than Production

What are the language milestones? (7)

0-4 : Distinguish Phenomes

4-6 : Babble Consonants

6-110: Understand words/simple requests

10-12: Starts use of single words

12-18: 30-50 words

18-24: Follows syntactical rules, understands order

24-36: Telegraphic Speech

What is Telegraphic speech?

No Function Morphemes Mostly Content words (Throw ball, more milk)

• Do still follow syntactical rules (like order)

What is the Behaviorist explanation of language development?

• Through Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement and extinction is how we learn, what is reinforced is learned and what is not is what we forget

What is the Nativist explanation of language development?

Language is innate and biological , you are born with the facilities to learn language and communicate

• Language is different from intelligence capacity

• Language is harder to learn after puberty

What is the Interactionist explanation for language development?

 Born with innate ability to require language, it is expanded by social interactions after that

What is Broca’s Area?

Left Frontal Cortex, Language Production

What is Wernicke’s Area?

Left Temporal Cortex, Language comprehension

What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?

What connects Broca and Wernicke’s areas

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

Hard to speak, word finding difficulties (Symptom)

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Overproduction, lacking context/comprehension

What are 2 symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

• Echolalia: Repeating words a lot

• Word Salad (Symptom): Words not in any meaningful order

What is Localization of Function?

Different parts of the brain in charge of certain things

What is Double Disassociation?

Damage to one thing damages its specific function only, in the brain

What role does the right cerebral Hemisphere have?

Contributes to language processing and language comprehension

What are some of the characteristics of bilingualism?

• Same development as monolingual

• Increases ability of left parietal lobe

• Later onset of Alzheimer's

What are some of the characteristics of Apes and Language?

• Limited vocab

• Limited Conceptual repertoire (# Concepts stored)

• Limited understanding of grammar

• Toddler level capacity

What is the developmental specialization hypothesis?

When born blind, vision regions get converted into language processing regions (True, sensitive period of brain development is near birth)

What is the Unmasking Hypothesis?

When you become blind at any time in your life, vision regions get converted into language processing regions (Untrue)

What is the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Sapir-Worf)

Language shapes the nature of how we think

• Only half right, to some degree yes (think the counting example in class, how people count out a number like 22)

What are Concepts?

A mental representation of a category of related objects, stimuli or events

What are Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in relation to concepts?

• Necessary Condition: Something that must be true of an object to go in the category

• Sufficient Condition: Something that if true of the object, proves it belongs in the category

What is Prototype Theory?

Classifying by comparing to the best or most typical member of the category (Left hemisphere and visual cortex), image processing

What is Exemplar Theory?

Judgements made by comparing with stored memories of what you know as the category (Right hemisphere/prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia, analysis/decision making

What is a category specific deficit?

When you cannot recognize things that belong to a category but can recognize everything else (Getting animals mixed up but kitchen appliances are good to go)

What is rational choice theory?

Determining how likely something will happen and choosing the better value

What are heuristics?

 A faster strategy to decision making, like a mental shortcut

What are availability and representative heuristics?

Availability Heuristic - Items more available in memory are seen as happening more frequently

Representative Heuristic - Throw away probabilities and base prediction off of comparison to a prototype of the event

What is conjunction fallacy?

People think two events are more likely to happen when told together vs when they are told individually

What are framing effects?

People answer differently depending on how the question is phrased

What is Sunk cost fallacy?

People make decisions on how much they have already invested in the situation

What is Optimism Bias?

People think that they experience more positive events than others

What is Prospect Theory?

People choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

• We are willing to take risks when we think it will ward off a loss but we are risk averse if we expect to lose some benefits

What is Mean-end Analysis?

Figuring out the means or steps to reduce the differences between the you and your goal

• Break it down into goals and take steps to check all of them off

What is Analogical Problem Solving?

Solving problems by finding a similar problem with a know solution and reapplying the solutionWhat

What is Systematic Testing?

Trying every possible solution till one sticks

What is Insight?

When a solution to a problem presents itself  quickly and without warning

What is Functional Fixedness?

The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as unchanging

What is Reasoning?

Organizing info into a series of steps to reach conclusions

What is Belief Bias?

Judgements on accepting conclusions based on how believable we thing the arguments are

What is syllogistic Reasoning?

A type of Belief Bias

• Take two statements and make a conclusion based on them

  • Doctors are smart, some doctors are parents therefor parents are smart

What is the Illusory Truth Effect?

Repeated exposure to a statement makes a person believe it as true, familiarity is mistaken as evidence

What is the Illusion of explanatory depth?

When people overestimate the depth of their understanding

What us the Intelligence Quotient?

 (Binet and Simon) - IQ Take mental age divided by Chronological age

What is the intelligence test?

(Stern) - Coined the term mental age

• Mental age divided by actual times 100

What is Weschler Intelligence?

Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale (WAIS)

• Most widely used intelligence tests

• Measures intelligence by asking people to answer questions and solve problems

What is Charles Spearman’s Theory?

Found correlations of intelligence (if your good at one thing you will likely be good at another)

• Two Factor Theory of intelligence: Performance on a test comes from two things

  • G - General cognitive ability

  • S - Specific abilities unique to the test

What is the two factor theory of intelligence?

• Two Factor Theory of intelligence: Performance on a test comes from two things

  • G - General cognitive ability

  • S - Specific abilities unique to the test

• Spearman

What is Thurstone’s Theory?

No general ability (G), 7 primary mental abilities, disagreed w Spearman’s two factor theory of intelligence

What is the Three Level Hierarchy?

Mix of Thurstone and Spearman’s Idea, Intelligence

1. General Factors (G)

   1. Like Spearman's G

2. Group Factors (M)

   1. Like Thurstone's 7 prime abilities

3. Specific Factors (S)

   1. Like Spearman's S

What was Cattel& Horns intellignece theory?

Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence (Cattel & Horn)

• Looking at middle level abilities

• Crystallized Intelligence - Ability to apply knowledge that is acquired through experience

• Fluid Intelligence - Ability to reason and think flexibly

What is the Modern Synthesized 3 stratum Model? And who theorized it?

Incorporated Spearman/Thurstone/Cattel& Horn Theories

• Patterns of correlation among 8 independent middle level abilities

• By Caroll

What did Sternberg Theorize?

Triarchic Intelligence - Proposed three types of intelligence

• Analytic (Problem Solving)

• Creative (Novel Solutions)

• Practical (Everyday)

What is Emotional intelligence?

Ability to reason about emotions

• Self aware, identify others, better social skills, less neural activity when solving emotional problems

What did Howard Gardner Theorize?

Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner) - 8-9 types of intelligence

• Naturalistic - living tings/nature

• Visual-Spatial

• Intrapersonal - understanding yourself

• Interpersonal - understanding others

• Musical

• Bodily-kinesthetic

• Verbal/linguistics

• Existential

• Logico-mathematical

What did Plato/Sir Francis Galton think?

Both thought people inherited intelligence (Nature)

What is the characteristic of genetic relatedness in relation ton intelligence ?

Family members have similar levels of intelligence regardless of whether they share environments 

What is the Heritability Coefficient?

Statistic of the difference in a persons IQ that is explained by genetics

• Different when different groups are measured

What is the Flynn Effect?

Average intelligence test scores rises by about 0.3% each year, accidental discovery

What is intellectually gifted and disabled on a standard distribution?

Intellectually Gifted - People who score well above the middle range

Intellectually Disabled - People who score well below middle range

What er two common causes of intellectual disability?

• Down Syndrome

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

What is Stereotype Threat?

People may show different intelligence on things that create a fear of confirming negative beliefs that others may hold

• Women don’t do math because of the belief that Women are bad at math

What are the 4 things that raise child intelligence?

• Supplementing diets of pregnant women and

neonates with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

• Enrolling low-SES (Socioeconomic Background) infants in early educational

interventions.

• Reading to children in an interactive manner

points.

• Sending children to preschool

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

Germinal - Sperm and egg meet and travel down to uterus

Embryonic - 2 weeks after conception, one implanted in uterus

Fetus - Up till birth, bunch of growing

• Myelination start happening (Like putting armor on neurons)

What is a teratogen?

A substance that passes between mother and fetus and impaired development (Alcohol, Drugs, Intrauterine growth restriction (Insufficient nutrition)

What are Motor Reflexes?

Motor Reflexes: Innate reflexes triggered by stimulation (Sucking, Rooting)