Infection Control- Diseases + Isolation

Standard precautions are applied to

all patients and circumstances.

Airborne precautions include

Disease transmission through air.

N95 respirator that has been fit tested.

Negative airflow room (air pressure is lower in room allowing for air to enter room when door is opened).

Airborne

less than 5 microns

Droplet

larger than 5 microns

Droplet precautions

Pathogens spread through close contact with mucous membranes or respiratory secretions.

PPE: surgical mask.

Contact precautions

Transmission through direct/ indirect contact with bodily fluids.

PPE: gloves, gown. Mask as needed, goggles

Protective precautions/ reverse isolation

Positive airflow (air pressure is higher in room, air only leaves room)

Ex. immunocompromised, chemotherapy patients

Order of PPE application

1. gown
2. mask
3. goggles/ face shield
4. gloves

Order of PPE removal

1. gloves
2. goggles
3. gown
4. mask

AIDS/ HIV Precautions

Standard

Reservoir: blood and body fluids, including breast milk

Chickenpox (varicella) precautions

Standard/ airborne/ contact

Reservoir: lesions, respiratory secretions

*Clostridium difficile (C. diff)* precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: feces

Hepatitis A Precautions

Standard/ contact if client has fecal incontinence

Reservoir: feces

Hepatitis B Precautions

Standard

Reservoir: blood and body fluids infected with virus

Hepatitis C precautions

Standard- additional precautions specific to hemodialysis unit

Reservoir: blood and body fluids infected with virus

Herpes simplex (recurrent oral, skin, genital) precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: fluid from lesions

Herpes zoster (shingles)- disseminated or localized in clients who are immunocompromised PRECAUTIONS

Standard/ airborne/ contact

Reservoir: lesions

Measles (Rubeola virus) Precautions

Standard/ airborne

Reservoir: respiratory secretions

Meningococcal disease precautions

Standard/ droplet

Reservoir: respiratory secretions

Methicillin- resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA) precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: body fluids and sites contaminated with the bacteria

Pneumonia precautions

Standard/ droplet

Reservoir: respiratory secretions

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) precautions

Standard/ contact/ droplet

Reservoir: respiratory secretions

Rotavirus precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: feces

Rubella precautions

Standard/ droplet

Reservoir: respiratory secretions

Salmonellosis precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: feces

Shigellosis (dysentery) precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: feces

*Staph. aureus* (infection or colonization) precautions

Standard/ contact

Reservoir: body fluids and sites contaminated with MRSA

Tuberculosis (TB) (pulmonary) precautions

Standard/ airborne

Reservoir: airborne respiratory droplet nuclei

Vancomycin- resistant enterococci (VRE) (infection or colonization) precaution

Standard/ contact precautions

Reservoir: intestines, female genital tract, environment (normal flora)

Primary prevention

Immunization programs

Child car seat education

Nutrition and fitness activities

health education programs

Secondary prevention

Communicable disease screening and case finding

Early detection and treatment of hypertension

Tertiary prevention

Prevention of pressure ulcers as a complication of spinal cord injury

Promoting independence for a client following stroke

Chain of infection

1. causative agent
2. reservoir (source/ means of transmission)
3. portal of exit
4. mode of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible host

Medical asepsis (clean technique)

Reduces the number, growth, and spread of microorganisms

Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)

Eliminates all microorganisms from an object or area