WHAP key terms unit 5

Estates-General

France’s traditional assembly representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners; the Third Estate was largest but had least power

National Assembly

The governing body formed by the Third Estate that claimed to represent France

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document stating fundamental rights such as liberty, equality, and property during the French Revolution

Jacobins

Radical revolutionaries led by Robespierre who supported a republic and used violence

Enclosure

Division of shared farmland into private plots in Western Europe

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to agricultural improvements and industrial jobs

Domestic System

System where merchants gave raw materials to rural workers to produce goods at home

Flying Shuttle

Invention that sped up the weaving process

Spinning Jenny

Machine that increased thread production and boosted textile manufacturing

Cotton Gin

Machine that quickly separated cotton fibers from seeds

Steam Engine

Engine powered by steam that transformed transportation and industry

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized machine parts that could easily be replaced

Assembly Line

Production method where workers each perform one specific task

Free-Market System (Capitalism)

Economic system with private ownership and prices set by supply and demand

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Capitalism with little or no government regulation

Socialism

Economic system where the government controls production and distributes goods based on need

Communism

Ideology calling for a classless society with common ownership and no government

Labor Unions

Organizations that protect workers’ rights and negotiate wages and conditions

Social Mobility

The ability to move between social classes

Communist Manifesto

Book by Marx and Engels arguing capitalism would collapse and be replaced by communism

Proletariat

Working class that sells labor for wages

Bourgeoisie

Wealthy class that owns the means of production

Natural Rights

Rights such as life, liberty, and property that cannot be taken away

Suffrage

The right to vote

Abolition

Movement to end slavery and the slave trade

Social Contract Theory

Idea that people give power to a government in exchange for protection of rights

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American independence from Britain

French and Indian War

Global war between Britain and France that increased British taxes on colonists

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense who argued for American independence

Maximilien Robespierre

Radical leader of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who conquered much of Europe

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution

Congress of Vienna

Meeting that restored monarchies and balance of power after Napoleon

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the successful Haitian slave rebellion

Simon Bolivar

Leader of South American independence movements

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led an early revolt against Spanish rule

Eli Whitney

Innovator who invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Adam Smith

Economist who supported capitalism in The Wealth of Nations

Karl Marx

Philosopher who criticized capitalism and inspired communism

Luddites

Workers who destroyed machines to protest poor conditions

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued governments must protect natural rights

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker who supported freedom of speech and religion

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who developed social contract theory