American Yawp Chapter 12-15

In 1838, President Martin van Buren ordered the U.S. Army to force 16,000 Cherokee to travel westward on foot under harsh conditions, causing the deaths of 3,000 to 4,000 Cherokee on a tragic journey, which subsequently became known as what?

Trail of Tears

In 1834, General Santa Anna, who took over Mexico by wielding authoritarian, centralized control over the nation, to which Texian settlers responded by declaring independence in March 1836, which sparked what secessionist movement from 1835 to 1836 in northern Mexico, and in turn, an independent Republic of Texas?

Texas Revolution

The Creek and Seminole Indians, who occupied lands from the Apalachicola River to central Florida, and had settlements in northern Florida, were known collectively to Americans as what?

Seminoles

What helped set the U.S. on the road to becoming a world power, advanced Zachary Taylor to the presidency, served as training ground for future Civil War commanders, resulted in the loss of ca. half of Mexico's territory, and conflict over extending slavery into the newly acquired territory pushed the U.S. closer to disunion and civil war?

U.S.-Mexican War

Anti-expansionists argued that manifest destiny was imperialistic, and contradicted the tenets of the American Revolution, with members of what political party asserting that America's mission was to lead by example, and not by conquest?

Whig Party

American Indian control of most of the land east of the Mississippi River, and most land in the West, prompted what official U.S. Government policy to facilitate Western expansion?

Indian removal

By the end of the 1850s, what 2 immigrant populations comprised 20% of the California mining population, creating a socio-economic hierarchy with white landowners and managers on top, and poor whites and ethnic minorities on the bottom, who worked the mines and assorted jobs in California, Idaho, and Arizona?

Chinese and Mexican

The U.S. government tried to "civilize" American Indians by passing what act in 1819, which allocated a $10,000 annual annuity to missionaries to establish schools for American Indians, making land cession a requirement for their education?

Civilization Fund Act

Many Southerners moved to Texas in the 1820s, to which the newly independent Mexico responded by outlawing slavery, and requiring all new immigrants to convert to what in 1829, laws that U.S. immigrants largely ignored, prompting Mexican authorities to close their territory to new immigration in 1830, resulting in Americans squatting on public lands?

Catholicism

Despite American Indian groups resisting removal by forming alliances with missionaries and traders and merchants who depended on trade with indigenous peoples in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, the federal government forced the Sauk to relocate to Kansas, sparking what war in 1832?

Black Hawk War

What belief emerged in the U.S. during the 19th century that was rooted in exceptionalism, held that territorial expansion of the U.S. — especially westward — was virtuous, inevitable, and ordained by God and the U.S. Constitution?

manifest destiny

In 1845, Texas became the 28th U.S. state, which Mexico denounced as an act of aggression, to which President Polk responded by ordering General Zachary Taylor and a 4,000-man army to Texas, where they crossed into disputed territory between Texas and Mexico in January 1846, spurring Mexican soldiers to kill 11 of Taylor's troops in what territory in April 1846, causing Congress to declare what on Mexico in May 1846?

war

Political debates about the Monroe Doctrine — with its focus on the expansion of economic opportunity and protection from foreign pressures — coupled with geopolitical events in the Caribbean, focused attention on the Caribbean as the key to future defense of U.S. military and commercial interests, with what nation posing the main threat to U.S. interests?

Britain

After the War of 1812, Americans settled what U.S. region as a result of the federal government's aggressive land sales, with the mining lead and iron ore spurring development in Wisconsin, which drew high numbers of Scandinavian and German immigrants in the 1830s and 1840s?

Great Lakes

Despite many American Indians' adoption of American practices, including agriculture, slave ownership, and Christianity, state and federal governments pressured the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee nations to surrender their land via treaty in what U.S. state?

Georgia

With disagreements over the expansion of slavery into the Mexican Cession territory, many Northern businessmen and Southern slaveholders advocated for the expansion of U.S. power into what island region as an alternative to continental expansion, since slavery already existed there?

Caribbean

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 drew mostly young single men (with some women) to gold towns in the West, causing the rapid growth of towns and cities there, where lawlessness, the failure of most fortune seekers, and conflicts with Mexican, Spanish, American Indian, Chinese, and Japanese populations took place as a result of what event?

California gold rush / gold rush

Georgia abolished existing state agreements that guaranteed rights of movement and jurisdiction of tribal law with the Cherokee Nation, while the discovery of what in Georgia in 1829 intensified Americans' desire to remove American Indians from the state?

gold

U.S. expansion into what region, located on the periphery of the Spanish empire, where Mormon religious refugees, with U.S. government support, committed daily acts of violence, sparked Indian Wars that caused American Indians to lose land and struggle for subsistence in the region?

Great Basin

The occupation of free blacks and escaped slaves in the Seminole district of Florida, which troubled slaveholders concerned about slave revolts, was one of the major causes of the 3 what from 1817 to 1858?

Seminole Wars

The economic boom of the gold rush prompted the California State Government to build a state rail system in the Sacramento Valley in 1854, while Californians lobbied Congress in the 1850s for a what to provide service for passengers and goods from the Midwest and the East Coast?

transcontinental railroad

In late 1846, the U.S. Army invaded Mexico and took control of Mexico City within 1 year, and then occupied the city for over 4 months while Mexico and the U.S. negotiated terms of peace in 1848, while what group of U.S. citizens sent reports from the front lines back home, informing the U.S. that disease had killed 7 times as many U.S. soldiers as combat?

journalists

Spain transferred Florida to the U.S. for $5 million, along with other territorial concessions, drawing an influx of planters from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia to migrate to Florida, which was halted temporarily in the mid-1830s by the outbreak of what war from 1835 to 1842?

Second Seminole War

Southern plantation owners' anxiety about the growing numbers of runaway slaves and armed free blacks in what area, where Spain had lost control, and Americans coveted farmland under American Indian control, prompted U.S. annexation of what new U.S. State in 1845?

Florida

General Santa Anna massacred 100's of Texian prisoners at the Alamo and Goliad, spurring a surprise attack called the battle of what by an outnumbered Texian army led by Sam Houston in April 1836, which resulted in Santa Anna signing a treaty in May 1836 that called for the Mexican Army to withdraw from Texas, and for Mexico to acknowledge an independent Texas?

San Jacinto

Expansion to what U.S. region exacerbated the contentious issue of slavery, pushed Americans toward civil war, and threatened America's promises to people of other nations throughout the world?

West

Economic busts regularly threatened Western farmers, with the panic of 1819 resulting in land loss for many farmers, who journeyed farther West to escape debt, prompting the U.S. government to try to increase Western land access by lowering the amount of land required for purchase, and starting to build what in 1811 to provide a conduit for migration and settlement?

National Road

Post removal, American Indians rebuilt their cultures, with some groups attaining prosperity in Indian Territory by blending traditional cultural practices, such as common land systems, with western practices, like constitutional governments, common school systems, and an elite class "owning" what?

slaves

Aggressive Russian invasions in the Northwest, border disputes with the British in Canada, the possibility of Spanish re-conquest of South America, and British abolitionism in the Caribbean prompted President James Monroe's Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, to help craft what foreign policy to prevent European involvement in the western hemisphere?

Monroe Doctrine

In 1831, the Cherokee nation appealed to what U.S. court to prevent Georgia from taking their lands, with the court ruling that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the case; however, in Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, the same U.S. court ruled that Georgia law did not apply within Cherokee territory?

Supreme Court

When President Jackson's Secretary of War offered title to Western lands and tribal governance in exchange for what American Indian group to yield their eastern lands, a rift within the group pitted a pro-treaty faction against an anti-treaty faction, resulting in conflict between the 2 factions?

Cherokee

What indigenous people controlled the Southern Plains in the late 18th century, and after 1821, when Mexico secured independence, they continued to dominate other Indian groups and Mexican and U.S. settlers after Mexico claimed the region as part of the Northern Mexican frontier?

Comanche

The farmland of what present-day U.S. State attracted more settlers than California, despite the arduous ca. 3-month journey required to reach the area from the nearest U.S. settlements; yet, by 1848, ca. 20,000 Americans lived west of the Rockies, with about 75% of that number in this present-day U.S. State?

Oregon

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized President Andrew Jackson to engage in spurious treaty negotiations with American Indians for land, under the guise that indigenous peoples needed protection from outside influences that jeopardized their chances of becoming "civilized" farmers, a belief called what?

paternalism

The Comanche raided northern Mexico many times, forged trade relationships with Americans in Texas, and joined forces with many indigenous groups, waging 1000's of battles with Northern Mexicans in the 1830s and 1840s, when the Comanche controlled the Southern Plains, along with the flow of trade goods, which played a role in what war that began in 1846?

U.S.-Mexican War

The West consisted of fertile land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, where most Americans who migrated West early on engaged in small scale farming, and the openness of frontier society resulted in more opportunities for what group?

women / wives

Post removal in the 1830s, what American Indian group worked with missionaries to build their own school system, establishing a public-school system that by 1852 consisted of 21 schools with a national enrollment of 1,100 students, many of whom later served their nations as physicians, politicians, teachers, and lawyers?

Cherokee

The American Southwest attracted a diverse group of entrepreneurs and settlers to the commercial towns of New Mexico, the fertile lands of eastern Texas, and the gold deposits of California, and what purchase in 1854 added to U.S. gains north of Mexico?

Gadsden Purchase

Voter fraud in Kansas began in 1854, when citizens from what state crossed the border to tamper with Kansas elections, resulting in Kansas voting to come into the Union as a free state; however, the federal government refused to recognize the vote, recognized a sham pro-slavery legislature instead?

Missouri

In 1850, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas helped pass a collection of bills called what, which called for a new fugitive slave law that empowered the federal government to deputize regular citizens to help arrest runaways, and allowed the New Mexico and Utah territories to determine their status as free or slave states based on popular sovereignty?

Compromise of 1850

What 19th century political movement allowed white men, regardless of status, to acquire land and jobs, and to vote, serve on juries, attend public schools, and serve in the militia and armed forces, which deepened the sectional crisis?

Jacksonian democracy

Northerners cheered Congress's ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and for admitting what U.S. state in 1850 as a free state?

California

Abolitionists organized what antislavery political party in 1839, which demanded the end of slavery in Washington D.C., the halt of the interstate slave trade, and the prohibition of further expansion of slavery in the West, while also shunning women's participation in the party?

Liberty Party

When soldiers of the Confederate States of America opened fire on what federal fort in South Carolina on April 12, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln responded within days, demanding 75,000 Northern volunteers to crush the rebellion, thus starting the American Civil War?

Fort Sumter

The Supreme Court ruled in 1857 in Scott v. Sandford, also called what, that black Americans could not become U.S. citizens because a Missouri slave had no right to sue in U.S. courts, which made slavery a fully national issue, thus intensifying sectional tensions?

Dred Scott decision

The framers of the Constitution never used what word, instead using the phrase, "persons held in service," with the Tenth Amendment stating that holding persons in service could be banned in the territories, and the Fifth Amendment stating that property could be seized through proper legislation?

slaves / slave

What radical abolitionist attacked a federal arsenal in Virginia to lead an armed slave revolt in 1859, which the U.S. military halted, killing many of the rebels, and their leader was imprisoned and executed that same year, prompting many Northerners to make a display of sympathy when he was executed, which Southerners viewed as support for disunion?

John Brown

Mexico continued to lay claim to lands in Texas, even after the U.S. annexed Texas, prompting President Polk to ask Congress to declare war in 1846; by 1847, after campaigns conquered most of present-day California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Arizona, the U.S. seized what capitol city in Mexico?

Mexico City

Antislavery leaders created a new and more competitive U.S. political party in 1848, called what, which opposed the expansion of slavery in the western territories purchased from Mexico in 1848?

Free Soil Party

In January 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded; in February, Southerners drafted a constitution protecting slavery and named what Mississippian as their President?

Jefferson Davis

Debates over slavery in what U.S. region played a role in the section crisis, for as the U.S. pushed to acquire new land after the American Revolution, questions arose regarding whether new lands ought to be slave or free?

West

Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed what act in 1854, which called for taking a large part of southern Nebraska to create the Kansas Territory, which Ohio Senator Salmon P. Chase argued would draw migrants to Kansas to protect or stop the spread of slavery, for Kansas would become slave or free based on popular sovereignty?

Kansas-Nebraska Act

By 1853, Democrats splintered along sectional lines over slavery, while Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas worked on a bill to organize what territory — the last of the Louisiana Purchase lands — which extended from northern Texas to the Canadian Border, included present-day Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, and Montana?

Nebraska Territory

In 1857, Democratic President James Buchanan sent U.S. military forces to Utah to subdue communities of what religious group, which led to charges that his administration was abusing its powers?

Mormons

What U.S. political party tried to avoid the issue of slavery, and instead, promised benefits to Northern, Southern, and Western white working men, which united rural, small town, and urban residents with large numbers of white working men who supported Andrew Jackson in the Presidential election of 1828?

Democratic Party

What 1850 act created federal commissioners to decide the fate of fugitive slaves without a jury, trial, or court testimony; forbade local authorities in the North from interfering with the capture of fugitives; required Northern citizens to help arrest fugitive slaves when called upon by federal agents, which resulted in the enslavement of free black Northerners, causing many to move to Canada?

Fugitive Slave Act

In 1848, ex-Democrats, Conscience Whigs, and ex-Liberty Party leaders joined the Free Soil Party, which called for slavery to end in Washington, D.C., and to halt the expansion of slavery in the western territories, with Free Soil leaders winning over 12 House seats and Salmon P. Chase becoming a Senator for what U.S. state?

Ohio

What U.S. political party did not subscribe to racial equality, stressed Protestant culture and federal-sponsored internal improvements, and sought the support of members of reform movements, including temperance, Nativism, and abolition?

Whig Party

The Ohio Valley played a role in the sectional crisis, when, in 1803, Ohio passed laws called what, which banned African Americans from voting, denied them access to public schools, and made non-whites serving on juries and in local militias impossible?

Black Laws

Starting in 1854, when several bloody confrontations occurred between militant pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas, an event called what showed that the sectional crisis had become a national crisis?

Bleeding Kansas

Fugitive slave status became a key issue in the sectional crisis that escaped slaves helped shape, including what activist and statesmen, who, at age 19, escaped slavery in 1837, and published his autobiography in 1845, while other former slaves, such as Sojourner Truth, along with free blacks, gave speeches and helped 1000's of slaves escape to freedom?

Frederick Douglass

In 1842, what U.S. Court ruled that the federal Fugitive Slave Act trumped Pennsylvania's personal liberty law in Prigg v. Pennsylvania, which abolitionists saw as the U.S. government's support of Southern slaveholders, and a denial of Northern states' rights?

Supreme Court

Republicans won the House of Representatives and picked up seats in the Senate in 1858, while cities and towns throughout the U.S. revolted against federal authority, and fighting against American Indians in the West and what religious group in Utah intensified?

Mormons

Congress authorized the admission of Vermont in 1791 as a free state, and what state in 1792 as a slave state, resulting in the need to create a balance between free and slave states by 1820?

Kentucky

The Missouri Compromise debate troubled African Americans and American Indians, who recognized that whites never had intended for them to become citizens of the U.S., especially when Congress affirmed what U.S. state's ability to deny citizenship to African Americans?

Missouri

What U.S. political party garnered support from westward migrants from New England, settlers in Ohio's Western Reserve, the rural and Protestant-dominated areas of Michigan, and similar parts of Protestant and small-town Illinois, while wealthy merchants, middle and upper class farmers, and planters in the Upper South and settlers in the Great Lakes opposed the party?

Whig Party

Illinois Senator Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 U.S. Presidential election, earning 40% of the popular vote, and not 1 Southern vote in the Electoral College, to which Southern states responded by forming secession conventions, with what state seceding 1st in December 1860?

South Carolina

What religious movement sharpened political differences when schisms occurred within the major Protestant churches, which became increasingly sectional?

Second Great Awakening

The Missouri Compromise required Maine to be a free state, Missouri a slave state, and Missouri's southern border to become the dividing line between slavery and freedom within the Louisiana Purchase, playing a major role in the sectional crisis, with Americans debating whether the framers of what document intended for slavery to expand?

U.S. Constitution / Constitution

During the 1850s, antislavery leaders argued that Southern slaveholders secretly had co-opted Washington, D.C. to use their representative advantages per what compromise enshrined in the Constitution, in order to make slavery a national institution?

3/5 Compromise / three-fifths compromise

The spoils of the Mexican-American War heightened the sectional crisis, with the decision of designating the newly acquired lands as slave or free prompting Congressman David Wilmot to submit a plan called what in 1846, which called for a ban on slavery in the territories won from Mexico that passed the House, but failed in the Senate?

Wilmot Proviso

The highly publicized rescues and arrests of 100's of fugitive slaves signaled the rise of Northern resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act, which the U.S. government enforced via military intervention in Northern states, while organizations such as what provided guns and goods to pioneers willing to go to Kansas to establish the territory as free?

New England Emigrant Aid Society

With the support of gag rules prohibiting discussion of antislavery petitions in Congress, Democrats and Whigs enjoyed a reprieve on the slavery debate, with what U.S. state admitted as a slave state in 1836, and Michigan as a free state in 1837?

Arkansas

Northerners seen as friendly to the South became known as what during the Missouri debates, especially during the 1830s, when antislavery advocates accused Northern Democrats of supporting Southern slave oligarchs more than their own Northern communities?

Doughfaces

Admitting what U.S. state as a free state in 1848 helped ease tensions after the admissions of Texas and Florida as slave states, and with the U.S. Women's Rights Movement in full swing, the Free Soil Party broadened its coalition by the end of 1848?

Wisconsin

As a result of the Republic of Texas struggling with conflicts with Mexico and Comanche raids, Texas President Sam Houston made a deal with President James K. Polk to admit Texas to the U.S. in 1845 as a slave state, while what U.S. state also was admitted as a slave state in 1845, which abolitionists decried as the federal government taking a pro-slavery stance?

Florida

In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published what bestselling antislavery novel, the sales of which were so high that they were eclipsed only by sales of the Bible, thus bolstering the abolitionist cause?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A revolution initiated by African slaves rebelling against French colonial rule in what nation was one early cause of the U.S. sectional crisis, for this revolution upended the longstanding assumption that African slaves could not self-govern, which bolstered the abolition movement?

Haiti

In 1856, South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks, cousin of South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, beat what Massachusetts Senator and abolitionist on the floor of the Senate chamber with a cane, nearly killing the abolitionist, after he accused Butler of defending slavery so he could have sex with black women?

Charles Sumner

What purchase of land in 1803, which more than doubled the size of the U.S., prompted questions regarding whether this land would be carved out into slave or free states, while the expansion of slavery and the booming cotton economy in the South threatened Americans in free states?

Louisiana Purchase

In 1854, what new U.S. political party formed, which promised the rise of an antislavery coalition; new land, particularly for Westerners; transcontinental railroads; and broad support of public schools?

Republican Party

What treaty of 1848 required Mexican officials to cede the territories of California and New Mexico, which would become the future U.S. states of California, Utah, and Nevada, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming for $15 million?

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

The Democratic Party splintered before the U.S. Presidential election of 1860, with Southern delegates nominating their own candidate, Vice President John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, while Democrats nominated what Illinois Senator to run for U.S. President?

Stephen A. Douglas

What U.S. political party formed in 1855 in opposition to the influx of Catholic German and Irish immigrants to the U.S.; called themselves Know-Nothings, for they feigned ignorance when asked about their politics; and made major gains in New England and the Middle Atlantic in the 1854 and 1855 elections?

American Party

Although some female nurses, camp followers, and women who disguised themselves as men to fight in the war lived in what, life in these camps was overwhelmingly male, with soldiers drinking liquor, smoking tobacco, gambling, and swearing, which citizens feared would be morally corruptive?

war camps

Many slaves were coerced into accompanying their masters in the Confederate army, serving as camp servants, cooking meals, raising tents, and carrying supplies, while the Confederacy impressed slaves to perform what?

manual labor

Food shortages in spring 1863 led to many what in Confederate cities, including Richmond, Augusta, and Macon, with many Confederate women leading mobs in protest of food shortages and inflation?

bread riots

In July 1861, Confederate and Union forces met at what battle in Virginia, which resulted in a Confederate victory that proved the Civil War would be long and costly?

Bull Run

Runaway slaves lived in camps called what, where disease and malnutrition were rampant, and the men were required to perform menial tasks like cooking meals, raising fortifications, and laying railroad tracks?

contraband camps

The Union adopted General-in-Chief Winfield Scott's plan to suppress the rebellion, called what, which invoked the strategy of strangling the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways using a naval blockade, while ground troops entered the interior?

Anaconda Plan

Many immigrants in Northern cities thought free blacks would take their jobs, a fear that culminated in what event of July 1863, when over 4 days, the white populace killed over 100 citizens and damaged millions of dollars in property, including the Colored Orphan Asylum?

New York City Draft Riots

All future Confederate states, except what Southern state, excluded Lincoln's name from their 1860 presidential election ballots, given that the Republican platform prohibited slavery's expansion in future Western states?

Virginia

Despite the military banning soldiers from trading with the enemy, trades were not uncommon, with Union soldiers trading Northern newspapers and coffee for what Confederate good?

tobacco

Ca. 200,000 white women became what as a result of the Civil War, with the death of a husband and the accompanying loss of financial, physical, and emotional support shattering many lives, while also freeing women from bad marriages, and opening doors to financial and psychological independence?

widows

Religion shaped Confederate nationalism and identity, with Southerners' belief that the Confederacy was fulfilling God's will, prompting Confederate leaders to invoke what in their founding document?

Christianity

Lincoln issues what declaration on January 1, 1863, which freed slaves under Confederate control, stripped the Confederacy's labor force, debilitated the South's economy, and hurt Southern morale?

Emancipation Proclamation

The Union forbade its soldiers from helping runaway slaves, yet many soldiers did not want to turn away potential laborers, or help the enemy by returning "property," and Union officers did not want to turn away fugitive slaves, for Confederate commanders began forcing slaves to work on what?

fortifications

Foreign nations, primarily in what continent, closely watched the unfolding Civil War, because the U.S. represented the epitome of the democratic experiment, and nations with close ties to the cotton industry were concerned about their economies should the South lose and the cotton trade suffer?

Europe

Although most black soldiers were stationed behind the lines as garrison forces and often performed non-combat duties, soldiers of what military unit performed admirably on the battlefield, with black troops fighting in over 400 battles, and in turn, laying a foundation for citizenship through their voluntary service, battlefield contributions, and death?

United States Colored Troops

In May 1861, General Benjamin Butler accepted fugitive slaves, asserting that runaway slaves were contraband of war, and as such, he had a right to seize them, with Congress affirming Butler's policy in summer 1861 by passing what act, which put runaway slaves in limbo, for slaves who escaped to the Union were not free U.S. citizens?

First Confiscation Act