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Autapomorphy

Apomorphic character unique to one taxon

monophyletic group (clade)

a common ancestor and all of its descendants

paraphyletic group

A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor have been removed.

Phlyogram

Phylogenetic tree that has branches that represent evolutionary distance.

Homologous

Diff shape; diff functions; same structure; share common ancestor

Synapomorphy

Shared apomorphy, arise in the same ancestor

Cladogram

Type of phylogenetic tree that shows tree topology (only)

Systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships / history between organisms

Taxon

a group of organisms in a classification system

Taxonomy

identification, nomenclature (naming), and classification of species

polyphyletic group

A taxonomic grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor (more work is needed to uncover species that tie them together into a monophyletic clade).

Glaucophytes

Product of chloroplast arising from primary endosymbiosis

Red algae

Came about through the loss of plastid cell wall

Green algae and land plants

Came about with development of chlorophyll b; loss of Phycobilins

Synapomorphies for coleochaetales and charales are that allowed for move to land (embryophytes)

Oogamy, apical growth, branching, phragmoplast, plasmodesmata, retention of egg

Embryophyte synapomorphies that allowed for growth on land

Multicellular sporophyte, cuticle, gametangia, embryo, sporangia

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants that have sporopollenin-walled spores; include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

Transition to vascular plants

Sporophyte becomes independent of gametophyte; branching

The movement to land/change to bryophytes synapomorphies

Multicellular sporophyte; cuticle (waxy coating); gametangia: multicellular and on gametophyte, archegonia and antheridia; embryo; sporangia, sporopollenin-walled spores

Rhyniophytes

Vascular, seedless plants consisting of simple, dichotomously branching axes

Cooksonia

Oldest known vascular plant; smallest, simplest; tracheids present=vascular

Lepidophylloides

Leaves

Lepidostrobus

Strobilus; cone

Lepidodendron

Stem

Stigmaria

Root (lepidodendrales)

Isogamy

Sperm & egg look similar

Gametic meiosis

Large diploid organism; gametes only haploid structure

Anisogamy

Gametes are different sizes; still motile

Zygotic meiosis

Earliest kind of sexual reproduction; fungi & algae; large haploid organism; gametes is only haploid structure

Oogamy

Large nonmotile egg; small motile sperm

Sporic meiosis (dibiontic)

Alternation of generations; gametophyte always haploid and produces gametes; sporophyte always diploid & produces spores

Isomorphic

Gens looks the same

Heteromorphic

Gens look different

Serial endosymbiontic theory

Eukaryotic cell absorbs bacteria but does not digest it which led to the formation of the mitochondria; event that led to Cyanobacteria through further formation of chloroplasts

Types of Cyanobacteria

Anabaena and arthrospira platensis

Algae

Phycology is the study; polyphyletic; primary producer of oceans through photo.

Dinoflagellates

Alveolata; alveoli pits under cell membrane; motile by 2 flagella located in grooves, cellulose plates (thecca); bioluminescence (pyrrophyta); cause red tides

Diatoms

Class: Bacillariophyceae; most abundant organism in the ocean; made of two silica plates (frustules) that fit together; round (centric) and elongated (pennate); mostly asexual reproduction but turns sexual once too small to continue division

Brown algae

Stramenopila; class: phaeophyceae; kelp

Kelp anatomy

Blades, stipe, air bladders, holdfasts

Archaeplastida (plantae sensu lato)

Plants in a broad sense; chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis; includes red algae

Red algae

Norri, agar, carrageenans; pigment is phycobilins which masks chlorophyll, causing red coloration; primary pit plugs, store glucose as Floridean starch

Green algae

Chlorophyll b; loss of phycobilins; chlorophytes: monophyletic; streptophytes: paraphyletic

Bryophytes

Nonvascular, seedless plants; paraphyletic

Bryophyte G'phyte

Has rhizoids (unicellular), scales (multicellular) which anchor but do not absorb nutrients; protonema stage

Marchantiophyta (liverwort) g'phyte forms

Leafy: all parts look like a leaf; or thalloids: composed of thallus which are pores for gas exchange which function like stomata but have no guard cells

Bryophyte s'phyte

Unbranched

Marchantiophyta asexual reproduction

Use of Gemmae cups from thallus which needs rain to spread gemmae

Elaters (Marchantiophyta)

Dispersal mechanism which are cells that have spring-shaped walls

Hydroids

Similar to xylem tracheids of vascular plants

Leptoids