ethics

Epicurus

Philosophical tradition that prioritizes pleasure as the highest good, emphasizing long-lasting pleasures and peace of mind.

Ataraxia

The Greek word for a state of long-lasting tranquility and peace of mind.

Atoms

The fundamental particles that make up the universe and the human soul according to Epicurus.

Fear of death

Epicurus argued that one should not fear death as there is no consciousness or sensation after it.

Intrinsic good

Things that are good in themselves, such as pleasure and friendship, instrumental for achieving long-lasting tranquility.

Instrumental good

Things that are good for the sake of achieving something else, such as pleasure leading to peace of mind.

Evil

Defined by Epicurus as pain that one seeks to avoid.

Epictetus

A Stoic philosopher who emphasized self-control and discipline as the highest good.

Apathy

In Stoicism, refers to a state of being in control of one's emotions, opposite of being emotion-driven.

Pantheism

The belief that God is present in all of nature and the universe.

Logos

The divine reason or plan which governs the universe, according to Stoic philosophy.

Predestination

Saint Augustine's belief that God knows beforehand the ultimate fate of every individual.

Omnipotent

The attribute of God signifying that He is all-powerful.

Omniscient

The attribute of God indicating that He is all-knowing.

Omnipresent

The attribute of God that suggests He is present everywhere at all times.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who advocated for a social contract to establish peace and order in society.

State of nature

A hypothetical time before the establishment of society where life is chaotic and conflict-ridden.

Ethical relativism

The idea that moral standards are not absolute and can vary between cultures.

David Hume

An agnostic philosopher focused on human emotions as the basis of ethics.

Moral sentiment

The emotional basis for morality including empathy, kindness, and justice.

Social contract

An agreement where individuals consent to surrender some freedoms for social order.