Ap euro: Unit 2 peope

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

- a German monk and theologian who became the leader of the Protestant Reformation.

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

a pastor and theologian in Zurich, Switzerland, who was key to starting the Reformation in Switzerland. 

John Calvin (1509-1564)

a French theologian in Geneva who became one of the main leaders of the Protestant Reformation, and who developed the ideas of predestination and the elect. 

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

King of England who initiated the English Reformation by separating the Church of England from papal authority with the Act of Supremacy.

Mary I (1516-1558)

the oldest child of King Henry VIII, who became queen of England and tried to transform England back into a Catholic country. Nicknamed “Bloody Mary.”

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, she eventually became queen of England and re-established Protestantism in England. She was the last Tudor monarch, and was nicknamed the Virgin Queen. 

Charles V (1500-1558)

member of the Habsburg family, he was the Holy Roman Emperor during the beginning of the Reformation. A devout Catholic, he never could stamp out Protestantism and ended up creating the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. 

Catherine de’ Medici (1519-1589)

an Italian noblewoman who became queen of France and helped run the country during the rule of three of her sons. 

Henry of Navarre (1553-1610)

a French Huguenot who became King Henry IV of France, converted to Catholicism, and eventually brought religious peace to France through the Edict of Nantes.

Philip II (1527-1598)

member of the Habsburg family and son of Charles V, he was the King of Spain and a devout Catholic who led wars against Protestant Dutch nobles in the Netherlands and against Protestant England.

William of Orange (1533-1584)

also known as William the Silent, he led the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that resulted in the 80 Years War. 

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

 he was chief minister to King Louis XIII in France and helped consolidate royal power and restrain the power of the nobility. 

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

a Catholic priest and theologian who founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits, and as a result was a leader of the Catholic Reformation. 

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

a Carmelite nun and prominent religious reformer in the Catholic Church during the Catholic Reformation. 

Pope Paul III (1468-1549)

a leader of the Catholic Church, he initiated the Catholic Reformation with the formation of the Council of Trent. 

El Greco (1541-1614)

a Greek painter, sculptor, and architect who became the most famous artist of the Mannerist artistic movement in Spain. 

Caravaggio (1571-1610)

an Italian artist who painted large, religious works for the Catholic Church, and who serves as a bridge between Mannerism and Baroque art. 

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

an Italian Baroque architect and sculptor who completed work on St. Peter’s Basilica that began during the High Renaissance. 

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

a Flemish painter who became the most prominent Baroque painter of northern Europe, and was employed by the Catholic Church in cathedrals, such as Antwerp.