apush key terms (201-300)

Hamilton-Burr duel

Hamilton-Burr duel

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel after losing the election and blamed him for defamatory remarks, resulting in Hamilton's death in 1804.

Lewis and Clark expedition and its findings

Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase region from 1804-1806, producing maps, scientific discoveries, and facilitating settlement and travel to the Pacific coast.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival starting in 1801, emphasizing salvation through good deeds, tolerance for Protestant sects, and attracting diverse groups like women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Barbary pirates

Renegade North African countries demanding tribute to refrain from attacking ships; the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against Tripoli and Algeria.

Embargo of 1807, opposition

Jefferson's act forbidding American trading ships from leaving the U.S., facing opposition due to its impact on merchants and the national economy.

War of 1812 (1812-1814)

A conflict between the U.S. and Britain over impressment, ship seizures, and British aid to Indians, leading to battles, the burning of Washington, D.C., and the Treaty of Ghent.

Impressment

British practice of seizing American sailors, a key cause of the War of 1812.

Clay’s American System

Post-War of 1812 proposal including internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank to boost American industry.

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe's presidency marked by nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion, with reduced partisan conflicts due to the absence of the Federalist party.

Samuel Slater (1768-1835)

Brought English factory plans to the U.S., aiding in building the first American factory in the 1790s.

Daniel Webster

Great American orator known for important speeches as a Mass. Congressman and a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates.

National Road

First highway built by the federal government, constructed during 1825-1850, connecting Pennsylvania to Illinois and serving as a vital overland shipping route.

Internal improvements

Program involving building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads within and between states, sparking a debate over federal funding due to constitutional powers.

Erie Canal

Opened in 1825 as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes, playing a crucial role in linking the North and the West.

John Quincy Adams

Served as Secretary of State under President Monroe, known for the Adams-Onis Treaty and the Monroe Doctrine.

Election of 1824

Featured candidates Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Clay, with Adams winning in the House after Jackson lacked an electoral majority.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Allegation by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay supported Adams in the House presidential vote in exchange for becoming Secretary of State.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 tariff raising taxes on imported manufactured goods, benefiting the North but harming the South, leading to claims of economic discrimination and unconstitutionality.

Vice-President Calhoun

Authored the South Carolina Exposition and Protest advocating nullification of unconstitutional acts of Congress, reacting to the Tariff of 1828.

Jacksonian Revolution of 1828

Andrew Jackson's election marked a shift towards the "Common Man," emphasizing democracy and the inclusion of common people in government.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison and V.P. John Tyler - Whig - 234 votes. Martin Van Buren - Democrat - 60 votes. James G. Birney - Liberty Party - 0 votes.

Rise of the Second Party System

Democrats and Republicans have controlled government systems since the 1840s.

Transcendentalism

Philosophy by Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasizing direct communication with God and Nature, individualism, and freedom from social constraints.

Transcendentalists

Followers of Transcendentalism like Emerson and Thoreau who formed cooperative communities.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leading transcendentalist emphasizing freedom, self-reliance, and abolitionism.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist who lived in solitude at Walden Pond and advocated civil disobedience.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement, and editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist publication.

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist famous for Leatherstocking Tales depicting the clash between civilization and wilderness.

Herman Melville

Author of Moby Dick, rejecting transcendental optimism for a tragic view of destiny.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Initially a transcendentalist, later an anti-transcendentalist known for The Scarlet Letter.

Edgar Allen Poe

Author known for macabre stories and pioneering the detective story genre.

Washington Irving

Author of The Sketch Book, recognized as a writer in England, known for "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poet emphasizing tradition and the impact of the past on the present.

Walt Whitman

Poet of Leaves of Grass, breaking from traditional forms, expressing democracy and abolitionist views.

Hudson River School of Art

Group of American painters led by Thomas Cole, known for landscapes with mystical overtones.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French observer of American democracy, author of "Democracy in America" discussing democracy's advantages and consequences.

"The Burned-Over District"

Region in western New York known for religious fervor and revivalist movements.

Charles G. Flinney

Successful revivalist shaping charitable enterprises with emphasis on "disinterested benevolence."

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith, practiced polygamy, faced opposition leading to Brigham Young leading them to Utah.

Brook Farm

Utopian socialist experiment lasting from 1841-1847 in Massachusetts.

Burr expedition and treason trial

After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region.  The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed  that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although  Jefferson advocated Burr’s punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.

Charles Wilson Peale

An American naturalist painter.

Northwest posts

British fur-trading posts in the Northwest territory. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts.

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters.  In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain  issued an apology.  

Non-intercourse Act

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this  act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was  replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

 Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading  restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite  the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of  Tippecanoe in 1811. was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was  returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. 

Second bank of the U.S.

established in 1816 and was given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank loans were used to finance the American  industrial revolution in the period after the War of 1812.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of cheaper British manufactured goods.

Robert Fulton

A famous inventor, who designed and built America’s first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. 

Eli Whitney

He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton form its seeds. This  invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy and reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy.

interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and  thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device  broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer.  Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. 

Boston Associates

Agroup of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In  1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it  rather than make it themselves. 

John Quincy Adams

He served under president Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty  in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for U.S. dropping its claims to Texas.

Age of the common man

Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common  people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could  now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected. 

Jacksonian Democracy

The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working  conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent,  J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the electoral college were also chosen by popular vote. Common man,  nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.

Franchise Extended

more people were given the right to vote, even men who owned no land.

Spoils system

the winner of the election may do whatever they want with the staff. Jackson made more staff changes than  any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own. 

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to  oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal  improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives  alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. 

Caucus system

candidates were elected by small, secretive party groups and the public had little say in the process.

nation nominating conventions

delegates voted on the results of a primary.

Kitchen Cabinet

 small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet

trail of tears

A minority of the Cherokee tribe, despite the protest of the majority, had surrendered their Georgia  land in the 1835 Treaty of New Echota. During the winter of 1838 - 1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their  homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma Indian country. Many died on the trail.

worchester v. georgia

The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over  Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.

cherokee nation v. georgia

 The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the  federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

whigs

 conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National  Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George  during the American Revolution. Among the Whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included  support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin.

Maysville Road Veto

 proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it  because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that NY and Penn paid for their transportation improvements with state  money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Election of 1832

Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of  the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic  Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and  Wirt's 1. The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles to which most educated or upper-class men of the  Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took  votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election.

Peggy Eaton Affair

John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were  rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially  unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated  with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

Nullification crisis

When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the  South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could  refuse to enforce them.

Compromise tariff of 1833

Henry Clay devised this which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of  1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti protectionists accepted the compromise.

Force Bill

authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became  unnecessary.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S.  These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the  payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton  prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing  paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie.  It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison and V.P. John Tyler - Whig - 234 votes. Martin Van Buren - Democrat - 60 votes. James G. Birney - Liberty Party - 0 votes. Panic of 1837 and a coming depression kept Van Buren from being reelected. Whigs rejected Clay, nominated  military hero Harrison with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too". They depicted Van Buren as living in luxury and Harrison as a "log  cabin and hard cider" guy, which wasn't entirely true.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, his announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and  died a martyr. 

Brigham Young

led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the  Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block,  politically and economically. 

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up. 

Oneida community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal  raising of children. 

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their  numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. 

Lyceum Movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to  give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in  the number of institutions of higher learning. 

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was  responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading  many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during  the Civil War. 

Rise of Labor leaders

During the 1800's, labor unions became more and more common. Their leaders sought to achieve the unions' goals through  political actions. Their goals included reduction in the length of the workday, universal education, free land for settlers, and abolition of  monopolies. Labor unions were the result of the growth of factories. 

National Trade Union

Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen. 

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgment in the U.S. that recognized that the  conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the  illegal acts of their members. 

Oberlin

founded by a New England Congregationalist at Oberlin, Ohio. First coed facility at the college level.  The first to enroll Blacks in 1835

Mt. Holyoke

 founded in 1837 in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Became the model for later liberal arts  institutions of higher education for women. Liberal colleges.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in  Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military  schools) as models. 

American Temperance Union

The flagship of the temperance movement in the 1800's. Opposed alcohol. 

Maine Law

Forbade the sale or manufacture of liquor.